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Down's Syndrome Testing in Pregnancy

Fri, 22 Feb 2019 16:44:00 +0000

During your pregnancy, lots of tests will be done on you to make sure that your baby is healthy. Something which is often tested for is Down’s Syndrome, a genetic disease which has a significant effect on the newborn’s life. Depending on your situation, different tests may be offered to you. This article will discuss these tests and what they involve.

First Trimester Screening for All Pregnant Women:

All women who engage with antenatal care will be offered the first trimester screening test. These are a set of risk-free tests which together can screen for Down’s Syndrome. This involves two blood tests (beta-HCG and PAPP-A) which can be taken from 9-13 weeks, and an ultrasound test which can be performed at 11-14 weeks. These three tests along with the age of the mother are used to calculate the risk of Down’s Syndrome. Combined, these tests pick up 90% of Down’s Syndrome pregnancies, although 5% of the time they may be falsely positive. If the risk of Down’s Syndrome is calculated to be high, diagnostic tests need to be performed to confirm the presence of Down’s Syndrome.

Diagnostic Tests:

These tests are used to confirm the presence of Down’s Syndrome. These may be performed because of a high risk screening test, or because the mother is considered to be at high risk because of her advanced age or family history of Down’s Syndrome, both of which are risks for the condition. Both of these tests carry a small risk of miscarriage, so some mothers may choose not to undergo the tests. The two tests which can be performed are:

Chorionic Villus Sampling:

A needle is inserted into the womb to take a sample of the lining of the pregnancy for genetic testing.Can be performed relatively early, from 10-11 weeksCarries a slightly higher risk of miscarriage: 1-2%

Amniocentesis:

A needle is inserted into the womb to take a sample of the fluid in the womb for genetic testingCan only be performed after 14 weeks, meaning the woman may have to wait longer to find out the resultsCarries a lower risk of miscarriage at 0.5-1%

Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing:

A new test has recently been introduced, which involves using genetic testing on the mother’s blood to look for evidence of Down’s Syndrome in the child. This test is highly advantageous, as it only involves a simple blood test so does not carry the risk of miscarriage. It can also be performed earlier (from 10 weeks) and is highly accurate. Unfortunately, this test is not currently covered by the government, and so is currently quite expensive. Discuss with your doctor if this is something you are interested in.

What if my baby has Down’s Syndrome?

If the diagnostic tests come back positive, what to do next can be a very difficult decision for the mother and her family. Some may choose to end the pregnancy, in which case the doctor can arrange for a termination. Others may choose to continue the pregnancy, in which case more support may be required for the family. Either way, the decision is a difficult one and not one which should be taken lightly. If you need any support or counselling, you can always discuss with your GP or obstetrician, who would be happy to answer your questions.

If you are interested in learning more about this topic, feel free to book an appointment with one of our friendly doctors by booking online or contacting us by phone on 8269 6000.

References:

National Institute of Health 2018, How do healthcare providers diagnose Down Syndrome [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/down/conditioninfo/diagnosis ((Accessed 1 Jun 2018)

Mayo Clinic 2018, Down Syndrome, [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/down-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355983 (Accessed 1 Jun 2018)

Medical information disclaimer:

No advice: Our website contains general medical information. The medical information is not advice and should not be treated as such.

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Is it More than the Baby Blues?

Sat, 09 Feb 2019 15:22:00 +0000

Giving birth involves a vast array of emotions, and not all of them are joy and happiness. Because giving birth is such an enormous undertaking with lots of ups and downs, it’s completely normal to feel sad, upset or down in the first few days of giving birth. This is colloquially referred to as ‘the Baby Blues’ and is experienced by up to 80% of women who give birth. However, for some women these symptoms can be severe, longer-lasting and disabling. At this point the doctor may be concerned that the women is experiencing post-partum depression.

How is Postpartum Depression different from the Baby Blues?

For the ‘Baby Blues’, symptoms are commonly:

Worry, unhappiness, fatigueMood swingsFeeling overwhelmedCrying spellsDifficulty sleeping/loss of appetite

These symptoms usually will go away after 3-5 days.

Postpartum depression meanwhile, can involve the following symptoms (as well as those mentioned above):

Overwhelming anxietyOversleeping or inability to sleepDifficulty concentrating, remembering or making decisionsAnger or rageLoss of interest in previously enjoyed activitiesPhysical aches, pains, headachesWithdrawing from friends, family and loved onesDifficulty bonding or forming attachment with the babyPersistently doubting ability to care for the babyThinking about harming self or the baby.

Unlike the Baby Blues, Postpartum Depression persists beyond 3-5 days and usually lasts at least 2 weeks. Symptoms usually occur within 1 month of giving birth.

How is Postpartum depression managed?

If you have symptoms similar to those discussed above (especially thoughts of harm) it is very important that you discuss these feelings with your doctor (remember that anything you tell the doctor is confidential and will not be shared with anyone unless the doctor believes strongly that you or someone else is in danger).

After discussing with your doctor, they will decide whether your symptoms are likely to be due to post-partum depression and what the most appropriate treatment is. Treatments may involve one or more of:

Psychological therapy: talking to a therapist, psychologist or psychiatristMedicine: antidepressants commonly have good effect for the mother, and many of these medications are fine for breastfeeding mothers.Electroconvulsive therapy: This may be used in extreme cases, but can be very effective. Completely safe for mother and baby.

Lack of treatment can lead to a worsening of symptoms and potential harm to yourself or your baby, which is why openness and honesty is key to ensuring that you get the best treatment.

If you are interested in learning more about this topic, feel free to book an appointment with one of our friendly doctors by booking online or contacting us by phone on 8269 6000.

References:

National Institute of Mental Health 2017, Postpartum Depression [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/postpartum-depression-facts/index.shtml (Accessed 21 June 2018)

Office on Women’s Health 2016, Postpartum Depression [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.womenshealth.gov/mental-health/mental-health-conditions/postpartum-depression (Accessed 21 Jun 2018)

Medical information disclaimer:

No advice: Our website contains general medical information. The medical information is not advice and should not be treated as such.

Credit:This document was created using a template from SEQ Legal (http://www.seqlegal.com).

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: What you need to know

Sat, 26 Jan 2019 15:06:00 +0000

What is Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (aka Median Nerve Entrapment)?

The carpal tunnel is a narrow tunnel through which ligaments pass to get from the wrist to the hand. The median nerve, one of the main nerves to supply the hand, also passes through this tunnel. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome occurs when the tunnel is narrowed resulting in compression of the median nerve, which leads to a lack of function of the median nerve beyond the carpal tunnel.

What causes Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?

The carpal tunnel can become narrower due to thickening of the tendon’s lining or a swelling which narrow’s the tunnel’s lining. This is commonly caused by repetitive work strain (such as typing, writing or using vibrating tools). Other causes of median nerve entrapment leading to carpal tunnel syndrome include rheumatoid arthritis, hyperthyroid disease and pregnancy.

What are the symptoms of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?

The main symptom in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is numbness, pins and needles and/or weakness of the hand in the distribution of the median nerve, which includes the palm, thumb, index and middle finger, and part of the ring finger. Often symptoms can be felt in both hands, with one worse than the other.

Symptoms associated with this include:

Burning, tingling or itching (which is often relieved by shaking the hand)Symptoms worse in the morning, or may wake patient up at nightSymptoms may also be aggravated by using the hand, eg when driving or writing with a pen.Patients may notice decreased grip strength, or difficulty doing tasks such as undoing a button

How is Carpal Tunnel Syndrome diagnosed?

If you have symptoms similar to those described above, see your doctor and tell them about it. Your doctor will ask you questions and examine your hand. He may also want to order tests, which may include Nerve Conduction Studies (a non-invasive test of the nerve) and Electromyography (a minimally invasive test of muscle function). An ultrasound may also be useful to visualise the median nerve.

How is Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Treated?

Depending on severity, Carpal Tunnel Syndrome can be managed a number of different ways.

Non-surgical treatments include:

Wearing a splintSimple pain relief with medications such as ibuprofenLifestyle changes (such as avoiding repetitive stress)Stronger medications or pain relief injections

If these measures are unsuccessful, surgery can be considered. This is a common and simple procedure which involves severing a ligament of the wrist to reduce the pressure in the carpal tunnel. It is a day-procedure (you will not have to stay over night), and only requires local anaesthetic (you will not need to be put under)

If you are interested in learning more about this topic, feel free to book an appointment with one of our friendly doctors by booking online or contacting us by phone on 8269 6000.

References:

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke 2017, Carpal Tunnel Fact Sheet, [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Carpal-Tunnel-Syndrome-Fact-Sheet (Accessed 21 Jun 2018)

Emergency Care Institute New South Wales 2015, Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.aci.health.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/273954/cts-ed-patient-factsheet-march-2015.pdf (Accessed 21 Jun 2018)

American College of Rheumatology 2017, Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.rheumatology.org/Portals/0/Files/Carpal-Tunnel-Syndrome-Fact-Sheet.pdf (Accessed 21 Jun 2018)

Medical information disclaimer:

No advice: Our website contains general medical information. The medical information is not advice and should not be treated as such.

Credit:This document was created using a template from SEQ Legal (http://www.seqlegal.com).

Let's Talk About STIs

Sat, 12 Jan 2019 02:29:00 +0000

What are STIs?

Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs, previously STDs or VD) are infections which can be passed from one person to another from sexual contact. This can includes oral, vaginal and anal sex. Some of the more common STIs in Australia include:

ChlamydiaHerpes (Cold Sores)Human Papillomavirus (Genital Warts)GonorrhoeaHIVHepatitis A, B, CSyphillisPublic Lice

Not all of these infections are only spread through sex, for example Herpes can be spread through kissing or other close contact with the blisters, and HIV and Hepatitis can be spread through sharing needles.

Who is at risk of getting an STI?

Everyone who is having sex is potentially at risk of getting an STI. However, there are some people who are at a higher risk of getting an STI, and should therefore get more frequent testing:

Those with multiple casual partnersThose with a new partnerMen who have sex with men (due to an increased amount of fluid exchange)Those with a history of STIs or a current STI

What are the symptoms of STIs?

The symptoms vary depending on the type of STI. Common symptoms include:

ItchingPain (in the groin, genitals or lower abdomen)RashesLeaking or discharge from the genitals or anus (or change in normal discharge)Burning sensation during urinationFeversLumps, bumps or blisters in the groin region

Often, STIs may not have any symptoms. This can be dangerous as they may be passed on to other partners accidentally, and they can cause permanent damage to your sexual and reproductive organs in the long-term.

Infections like HIV and Hepatitis generally cause symptoms that affect the whole body rather than just the genital region, and can be difficult to diagnose.

How can I avoid getting an STI?

There are a number of strategies to ensure that you do not get STIs, or pick them up early if you do.

Communicate:

Tell your doctor if you have had a risky sexual encounter that you are concerned about (remember that all information you discuss with your doctor is confidential!)Be open and honest with your partner about your sexual history and enquire as to whether they have been tested for STIs recently

Practice Safe Sex:

Use condoms or other forms of barrier protection when having sex. Do not re-use condoms.Use water-based lubricant with condoms to prevent breakageRemember that while condoms are the most effective method of preventing STIs, they are not the most effective method of contraception (preventing pregnancies), so it may be worthwhile considering additional contraception (eg the pill, Mirena, Implanon)

Get regular sexual health checks:

If you in one of the high-risk groups mentioned above, it is recommended to get an STI check every 3 monthsIf you are in a long-term relationship, it is recommended to get a check every 12 monthsSTI checks can be done by your GP, or there is the publicly-funded Clinic 275 or SHineSA which specialises in sexual health and is de-identified.

What happens if I do have an STI?

Treatment differs depending on the STI, most STIs can be cured with simple antibiotics, antifungals or antivirals but some will require lifelong treatmentMost STIs are notifiable conditions, which means that the doctor is required to notify the Centre for Disease Control about the STI. You may then get a call from the Centre so that they can contact previous partners anonymously about the need to check themselves for an STI.You are not required to disclose your STI status to future partners as long as you take every possible measure to prevent infection. If you do infect another person, you may be liable. On the whole, we encourage openness and honesty with communication about STIs!

If you are interested in learning more about this topic, feel free to book an appointment with one of our friendly doctors by booking online or contacting us by phone on 8269 6000.

References:

Reach Out Australia 2018, Sexually Transmitted Infections [ONLINE] Available at: https://au.reachout.com/articles/stis (Accessed 9 June 2018)

NSW Government 2017, Sexually Transmissible Infections [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/sexualhealth/Pages/sexually-transmissible-infections.aspx (Accessed 9 June 2018)

Melbourne Sexual Health Centre 2018, Chlamydia [ONLINE] Available at: http://mshc.org.au/SexualHealthInformation/SexualHealthFactSheets/Chlamydia#.WxsZETMzab8 (Accessed 9 June 2018)

Medical information disclaimer:

No advice: Our website contains general medical information. The medical information is not advice and should not be treated as such.

Credit:This document was created using a template from SEQ Legal (http://www.seqlegal.com).

Bronchiolitis in Children - It's Not Easy Being Wheezy

Sat, 29 Dec 2018 02:24:00 +0000

Being a new parent can be overwhelming, but especially so if your infant starts making horrible noises as they breath. Everyone wants the best for our baby, and as parents it’s easy to assume the worst when our child seems sick. This article will discuss bronchiolitis, one of the most common respiratory infection in children.

What is bronchiolitis?

Bronchiolitis is a common viral infection of the chest in young children. It causes inflammation and mucous buildup in the lower airways, making breathing difficult. It most commonly occurs in babies up to 6 months, but can occur up to 2 years old. It is more common in the winter months.

What are the signs and symptoms of bronchiolitis?

Usually, the illness begins as a simple cold, with a mild cough, and a runny or blocked nose. If the illness progresses to bronchiolitis, over the next 1-2 days the child’s cough will begin to sound worse and you may notice some breathing difficulties. Symptoms include:

Fast breathingNoisy breathing and wheezing (noisy breathing when exhaling)The appearance of difficulty breathing? Sucking in around the ribs or neck, nostril flaring, head bobbingIrritability and feverDifficult feeding

Generally, the child will be sick for 7-10 days, although the cough may continue for up to a month.

Should I see a doctor?

If your baby has these symptoms, it is a good idea to see your GP. He will assess your baby and the severity of its symptoms. Bronchiolitis is usually a clinical diagnosis, meaning that Xrays, blood tests or any other tests are not necessary. Occasionally, the doctor may encourage you to take your baby to the closest Children’s Hospital if he thinks the baby needs observation, extra oxygen or extra fluids (if they are not feeding enough).

In some situations, it may be necessary to take the baby to the Emergency Department straight away. This is important if:

The baby was prematureThe baby is less than 10 weeks oldThe baby has a chronic health condition (eg chronic lung, heart, neurological or immune disease)The baby is Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander

How should I manage the symptoms?

Bronchiolitis is a self-limiting disease, meaning that the body will get better on its own. Because it is due to a viral infection, antibiotics will not help the baby’s symptoms. Asthma inhalers like Ventolin also have not been proven to help symptoms. Usually, the baby will not be required to go to hospital and can manage at home. There are a few things you can do at home to look after your baby while they are sick:

Ensure plenty of restGive small, frequent feeds to ensure they do not become dehydratedSaline nose drops or sprays to clear mucousDo not smoke around the house (this will help ensure that your baby does not get sick again!

It is also important to see your GP again if:

The cough gets worseThey are refusing feeds or consuming less than half their normal feedsThey seem more tired than usualYou are worried for any reason

Meanwhile, go to the Emergency Department if your baby has any of the following symptoms:

Irregular breathing, difficulty breathing at restInability to feed due to cough/wheezeChange of colour in face when coughingPale and sweaty skin

References:

Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne 2018, Bronchiolitis [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/Bronchiolitis/ (Accessed 9 June 2018)

Children’s Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service 2014, Bronchiolitis [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.childrens.health.qld.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/PDF/factsheets/chifs-bronchiolitis.pdf (Accessed 9 June 2018)

Sydney Children’s Hospital 2017, Fact Sheet Bronchiolitis [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.schn.health.nsw.gov.au/files/factsheets/bronchiolitis-en.pdf (accessed 9 June 2018)

If you are interested in learning more about this topic, feel free to book an appointment with one of our friendly doctors by booking online or contacting us by phone on 8269 6000.

Medical information disclaimer:

No advice: Our website contains general medical information. The medical information is not advice and should not be treated as such.

Credit:This document was created using a template from SEQ Legal (http://www.seqlegal.com).

Coeliac Disease: What you need to know

Sat, 15 Dec 2018 14:17:00 +0000

What is Coeliac Disease?

Coeliac disease is an auto-immune condition which makes the body unable to process gluten, a component of many foods. Eating gluten can cause inflammation of the intestines, eventually leading to permanent damage to the intestinal tract and later other organs in the body. It is a condition you are born with, and is usually symptomatic from early childhood. It is not contagious.

What foods contain gluten?

Any other foods that contain any wheat, rye, barley or oats contain gluten. These include:

PastaBreadBiscuitsCakeMuffinsCerealPastriesOats

Many other foods that you may not expect also include gluten. This includes many sauces, salad dressings and gravy, lollies and beer.

What are the symptoms of Coeliac Disease?

Many patients present in infancy or early childhood with a ‘failure to thrive’ because of the inability to digest gluten. Symptoms include:

Poor weight gain/growthFatigue and irritabilityDiarrhoea, constipation or very smelly poosDelayed puberty

Other patients will not get diagnosed until adolescence/adulthood, but will experience the following symptoms after eating food with gluten in it:

DiarrhoeaConstipationAbdominal painBloating and flatulenceVomitingMouth ulcersFatigueWeight loss

Later on, Coeliac Disease can lead to serious complications if not diagnosed and properly managed. These can include:

Thin, weak bonesDifficulty getting pregnantAnaemiaDepressionLymphoma/other cancers

How is Coeliac Disease diagnosed?

Coeliac disease can be a difficult condition to diagnose because it has very non-specific symptoms. There is a blood test that can be done for coeliac disease, however it is not always reliable. The best way to test for the disease is with an endoscopy, where a tube with a camera is passed down your throat (while you are asleep) and a sample is taken of your digestive tract. For both of these tests it is required that you keep eating gluten before the test is performed.

How is Coeliac Disease managed?

Currently there is only one way to treat Coeliac Disease: not eating gluten. This can be a difficult task as many foods have gluten in them. It is important to always check the food labelling for any signs of gluten. A nutritionist or dietician may be helpful in teaching you how to identify gluten in food packaging as well as creating a healthy diet while still being gluten free. Thankfully gluten-free diets are becoming more and more recognised and so most restaurants and cafes are aware of the gluten-free requirements.

If you are interested in learning more about this topic, feel free to book an appointment with one of our friendly doctors by booking online or contacting us by phone on 8269 6000.

References:

Children’s Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service 2016, Coeliac Disease [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.childrens.health.qld.gov.au/fact-sheet-coeliac-disease/ (Accessed 9 June 2018)

Coeliac Victoria and Tasmania 2015, What is Coeliac Disease? [ONLINE] Available at: https://qld.coeliac.org.au/uploads/63297/ufiles/VicDocs/Plain_English_Coeliac_Disease_Fact_Sheets.pdf (Accessed 9 June 2018)

Medical information disclaimer:

No advice: Our website contains general medical information. The medical information is not advice and should not be treated as such.

Credit:This document was created using a template from SEQ Legal (http://www.seqlegal.com).

Rheumatoid Arthritis: What is it?

Sat, 01 Dec 2018 03:56:00 +0000

What is Rheumatoid Arthritis?

Rheumatoid Arthritis is a chronic arthritis that can cause significant pain, swelling, stiffness and damage to joints, and can eventually lead to deformity, disability and the need for joint replacement.

Rheumatoid Arthritis is an autoimmune condition, which is when our immune system attacks itself. In the case of Rheumatoid Arthritis, our immune system attacks the ‘synovium’ (inner lining) of our joints, causing inflammation within the joint. What causes the immune system to attack our own body is unknown, but is thought to be a mix of genetic and environmental factors.

What are the symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis?

Common symptoms include:

Joint pain and swellingSymmetrical joint pain distributionSmall joints usually affected (hands and feet)Morning stiffness

Other symptoms affecting the whole body can include:

FatigueLow grade feverDepression/mood changes

Sometimes, Rheumatoid Arthritis can affect other organs like the lungs, heart and eyes.

How does Rheumatoid Arthritis differ from Osteoarthritis?

Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis, with Rheumatoid Arthritis being second most common. The most important difference between them is that while Rheumatoid Arthritis is an inflammatory arthritis caused by autoimmune disease, Osteoarthritis is a mechanical arthritis caused by wear and tear. These therefore present themselves in different ways, as summarised below:

Mechanical (Osteoarthritis)

Pain worse at the end of the dayLarge joints affected, asymmetrically (eg knee, hip)Usually one or a few joints affectedUsually occurs in older patientsHard, bony swelling of the jointUsually continuous and progressive

Inflammatory (Rheumatoid + others)

Pain worse in the morningSmall joints affected, often symmetrically (eg hands, feet)Often multiple joints affectedOften occurs in middle ageSoft, fluid-like swelling of the jointOften episodic (comes and goes)

How is Rheumatoid Arthritis diagnosed?

Rheumatoid Arthritis can be diagnosed by your doctor. It can be difficult to diagnose Rheumatoid Arthritis because there is no single definitive test, however the diagnosis is likely to be based off your description of symptoms, a physical examination of the affected joints, blood tests and X-rays.

How is Rheumatoid Arthritis treated?

Rheumatoid Arthritis can be managed with a combination of medication and lifestyle measures. Your doctor will prescribe you medication to take when you get flares of arthritis to reduce pain and damage to the joint, as well as DMARDs (Disease Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs) for you to take regularly to prevent the number of flares.

Along with these medications, there are certain lifestyle measures you can take to improve your quality of life with this disease:

Keep physically activeStop smoking - There is strong evidence that smoking can exacerbate Rheumatoid Arthritis.Maintain a healthy weight – Obesity can make joint pain related to Rheumatoid Arthritis a lot less bearable and decrease the quality of life for someone suffering from Rheumatoid Arthritis.

If you are interested in learning more about this topic, feel free to book an appointment with one of our friendly doctors by booking online or contacting us by phone on 8269 6000.

References:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2018, Rheumatoid Arthritis, [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/arthritis/basics/rheumatoid-arthritis.html (Accessed 4 June 2018)

The Rheumatologist 2008, Patient Fact Sheet: Rheumatoid Arthritis [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.the-rheumatologist.org/article/rheumatoid-arthritis/ (Accessed 4 June 2018)

Rheumatoid Arthritis NZ 2015, Rheumatoid Arthritis Fact Sheet [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.ra.org.nz/static/files/RA-Fact-Sheet.pdf (Accessed 4 June 2018)

Medical information disclaimer:

No advice: Our website contains general medical information. The medical information is not advice and should not be treated as such.

Credit:This document was created using a template from SEQ Legal (http://www.seqlegal.com).

What is Evidence-Based Medicine

Sat, 17 Nov 2018 03:51:00 +0000

Evidence-based medicine is the cornerstone of modern conventional medicine. At our practices, we will always endeavour to practice evidence-based medicine wherever possible. But what exactly does ‘evidence-based’ mean? And why is it so important? This article will discuss the concept of ‘evidence-based’ medicine and how to ensure that you are getting the best treatment.

What is Evidence-Based Medicine?

Evidence-Based Medicine refers to the practice of medicine which is supported by the use of the best and most up-to-date evidence available. This evidence is usually sourced from extensive research being performed every day from the health outcomes of patients with diseases or conditions which are similar to the one you may have. The doctor must use this evidence to ensure not only that the treatment he wants to provide to you will work, but that it will work better than any other treatment they could provide to you.

Why is Evidence-Based Medicine important?

Doctors need to make decisions regarding a patient’s healthcare all the time. Often however, the body is unpredictable and so making decisions can be difficult. Using the evidence from previous patients in situations similar to your own will help the doctor choose which treatment is most likely to be the most effective for you and result in the best outcome for your health.

How do I know if a treatment is evidence-based?

Often you will find information on the internet or from alternative health providers saying that their treatments are supported by studies or research. It is important that you ask further questions about this to ensure it truly is evidence-based. Some questions you can ask are:

What kind of study was it? – Not all studies can be trusted to be truly unbiased. The best quality research is a randomised-controlled trial, where one half of the participants are given the treatment being tested, and the other half receive the standard treatment, to assess which has better results.Does the research suggest that this is the best treatment available? – Just because a treatment is found to be better than nothing, does not mean that it is the best available treatment. Often information for this can be found with meta-analyses, where many randomised-controlled trials are assessed and the results compared between each other.Is the research peer-reviewed? – The peer-review process involves the research being read by many other impartial experts in that particular field before being published. This is important as these experts can assess whether the research has been performed to a high-standard.

Be careful of the following statements, as these do not constitute ‘evidence-based’ treatments:

“this worked really well for my aunty when she had breast cancer” – anecdotal evidence based on one or a few cases is not evidence-based, remember that diseases can be very variable between individuals and just because something worked for one person, does not mean that it will work for you.“Doing it the natural way is always better” – while most doctors would agree that it is important to live as naturally as possible, there are times where evidence suggests that the ‘natural way’ is not the most effective way to treat a particular disease and in fact could put your health in jeopardy.“This was used for digestion in Ancient Indian times” – this is not a randomised controlled trial, and just because a treatment is old does not mean it is best!

As doctors, we are interested in providing the best care for you aimed at improving your quality of life. It is important to remember however, that personal patient preferences are also important and we will respect these in our shared decision-making.

If you are interested in learning more about this topic, feel free to book an appointment with one of our friendly doctors by booking online or contacting us by phone on 8269 6000.

References:

HealthCatalyst 2018, 5 Reasons the Practice of Evidence-Based Medicine is a Hot Topic [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.healthcatalyst.com/5-reasons-practice-evidence-based-medicine-is-hot-topic (Accessed 4 June 2018)

Students for Best Evidence 2018, What is Evidence-Based Medicine? [ONLINE] Availabel at: https://www.students4bestevidence.net/start-here/what-is-evidence-based-medicine/

Medical information disclaimer:

No advice: Our website contains general medical information. The medical information is not advice and should not be treated as such.

Credit:This document was created using a template from SEQ Legal (http://www.seqlegal.com).

Got the Itch? Could it Be Eczema?

Sat, 03 Nov 2018 03:41:00 +0000

What is eczema?

Eczema (aka atopic dermatitis) is a dry skin condition. It is a common condition and usually first presents itself in childhood, often before 1 year old. Eczema belongs in the family of ‘atopic’ conditions, along with asthma and hay fever. These conditions commonly occur together and often run in the family, and are due to an immune hypersensitivity to normally harmless environmental objects like pollen, dander and dust.

What are the symptoms of eczema?

The word eczema comes from the Greek word “ekzein”, meaning “to boil”, and that’s often what it can feel like!

The key symptoms of eczema is a rash. The rash usually is:

ItchyRed and inflamedScaly or leathery skinDry underlying skinSores may be oozing or crustingUsually in the ‘flexural’ surfaces of the body – in elbow crease and behind knees. In infants, it is often on the face or scalp

However, there are many different forms and variations of eczema, and not all rashes fit the above pattern.

What can trigger eczema?

Potential triggers are wide and vary between individuals, although common triggers are:

HeatDry skinCertain soaps, detergents or fabricsFood allergies/intolerancesEnvironmental allergens eg dust mites, pollen or animal furViruses/other infections

It’s important to remember that eczema is not contagious!

How can I manage eczema?

Unfortunately, there is no cure for eczema. However, as we age many of us will find that symptoms become less severe and many will have outgrown their eczema by adulthood.

In the meantime, certain steps can be taken to keep the skin healthy and itch-free:

Avoid potentially irritating products: soaps, detergents, woollen/acrylic clothing, pet furUse a fragrance-free moisturiser regularly to keep the skin from becoming dryKeep your child cool and dressed appropriatelyDistraction techniques for children such as cool, wet towels

If these measures do not relieve symptoms, it may be worth discussing you/your child’s symptoms with your GP, who may be able to organise stronger prescription cream (corticosteroids) for eczema flares. If this continues to be ineffective, it may be necessary to see a dermatologist.

If you are interested in learning more about this topic, feel free to book an appointment with one of our friendly doctors by booking online or contacting us by phone on 8269 6000.

References:

Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, 2018, Fact Sheet: Eczema [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/Eczema/ (Accessed 3 June 2018)

National Eczema Society, 2018, What is Eczema? [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.eczema.org/download-factsheets---eczema (Accessed 3 June 2018)

National Eczema Association, 2018, What is Eczema? [ONLINE] Available at: https://nationaleczema.org/eczema/ (Accessed 3 June 2018)

Medical information disclaimer:

No advice: Our website contains general medical information. The medical information is not advice and should not be treated as such.

Credit:This document was created using a template from SEQ Legal (http://www.seqlegal.com).

Mammograms and Breast Cancer

Sat, 20 Oct 2018 14:53:00 +0000

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women in Australia. 1 in 8 women will be diagnosed with breast cancer by the age of 85. Like most cancers, the chance of survival is much better when the cancer is discovered early. Because of this, it is important that women check their breasts and get mammograms regularly.

What are Mammograms?

A mammogram is an x-ray picture of the breast, it can be used to identify potential cancers within the breast. There are two different types of mammograms: screening mammograms and diagnostic mammograms. Screening mammograms are for women who have no symptoms of breast cancer, and are done more quickly to have an overview to make sure there is nothing abnormal. Diagnostic mammograms are for women who have already detected a lump or other symptoms of breast cancer, and require more detailed imaging to analyse the lump. This process is longer and involves more radiation.

The process of getting a mammogram may be daunting and can be uncomfortable. All radiographers at BreastScreen are female and will respect your privacy and comfort as much as possible.

Do I need a mammogram?

Women aged 50—74 will be invited to have a screening mammogram for free at BreastScreen Australia every two years. Women who are aged 40-49 or over 75 are also able to get free mammograms at BreastScreen, however will not receive an official invite. If you have a strong family history of breast cancer or a known genetic mutation that pre-disposes you to breast cancer (eg a BRCA mutation), you may discuss with your doctor whether you should get screening earlier (but remember, less than 5% of breast cancers are due to genetics). For women under 40, the breast tissue tends to be too dense for the mammogram to get an accurate image.

Self-checking your breasts:

Along with mammograms, it is important that women check their own breasts regularly for any irregularities. This can be done simply in a private space such as the shower by lifting one arm up and behind your head, and using the opposite arm to feel all the areas of the breast (including underneath and up to your shoulder and armput) in a massage-like motion. It is important to be familiar with how your breasts normally feel and change with your menstrual cycle, and if you notice any irregularities to see your doctor.

Symptoms and Signs of Breast Cancer:

Breast cancer may look like:

A lump, lumpiness or thickening of the breastChange in the appearance of the breast’s skin, such as puckering or a rashPersistent breast painA change in size or shape of breastDischarge from the nipple or change in nipple shape

What should I do if I feel a lump?

It is important if you feel a lump in your breast to see your doctor, who will examine the lump as well. You will then get a diagnostic mammogram (rather than a screening mammogram) and may require a biopsy. With these three tests, nearly 100% of cancers will be detected.

If you are interested in learning more about this topic, feel free to book an appointment with one of our friendly doctors by booking online or contacting us by phone on 8269 6000.

References:

Cancer.gov. 2018. Mammograms - National Cancer Institute . [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/mammograms-fact-sheet. [Accessed 28 May 2018].

Breast Screen Victoria. 2018. The Facts - Breast Screen Victoria . [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.breastscreen.org.au/Breast-Screening/The-Facts#sm.001x9a89bsmhf9f117s2r8belg72k. [Accessed 28 May 2018].

Cancer Council Australia. 2018. Breast cancer fact sheet. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.cancer.org.au/about-cancer/early-detection/early-detection-factsheets/breast-cancer.html. [Accessed 28 May 2018].

Medical information disclaimer:

No advice: Our website contains general medical information. The medical information is not advice and should not be treated as such.

Credit:This document was created using a template from SEQ Legal (http://www.seqlegal.com).

Confidentiality: Why it Matters

Sat, 06 Oct 2018 13:27:00 +0000

Visiting the doctor can sometimes be an awkward experience, sometimes you may be asked about personal matters you might not want everyone to know, or you might need to expose yourself in a way that makes you uncomfortable. Often, we may feel uncomfortable about answering the doctor’s questions truthfully. This article discusses confidentiality and the laws that our doctors are bound to follow.

Why does Confidentiality Matter?

Often, a doctor will need to ask personal questions to best understand a patient’s health and what potential health problems they could be at risk of. Some of these questions may involve the patient’s age, health status, sexual activities, drug use, work performance, interpersonal relationships and other private matters. Often, whether it be for personal or professional reasons, a patient may not want this personal information to be spread. However, for the doctor, knowing this information may be critical to understanding what may be going on with the patient’s health. For this reason, it is important for the patient to trust the doctor and know that the doctor will keep this information secret.

What are the laws about confidentiality in Australia?

Doctors have an ethical, professional and legal duty to protect a patient’s privacy with regards to their personal and health information. This means that any information discussed with your doctor will be kept between you and your doctor and treating team. This means that the information will not be shared with family members, workplaces, insurance companies or even the police. There are very few exceptions to this:

If you give your expressed permission for the information to be shared to a certain person/group.In a medical emergency where the information may help save your life and you are incapacitated and unable to give consentIf your doctor has reasonable belief that you pose imminent danger to yourself or others (for example, plans to murder someone or domestic abuse), they must notify the relevant authoritiesFor certain infectious diseases, there is an obligation for the doctor to notify the Centre for Infectious Disease Control, so that the spread of this disease can be monitored and limited.

What About Children?

It is important to note that if a minor is judged to be legally capable of consenting to medical treatment (ie old enough to comprehend and process information and then make a decision), then their confidentiality must also be respected, including from their parents.

What if I want to know the details of my loved one’s health?

The only way we will share information regarding the health of another person is with the doctor witnessing their expressed permission. The patient must be clear with who the doctor is allowed to share this information, and what information is allowed to be shared. It is also important that this permission is not given under duress.

References:

Australian Medical Association. 2018. Privacy and confidentiality | Australian Medical Association. [ONLINE] Available at: https://ama.com.au/privacy-and-confidentiality. [Accessed 28 May 2018].

Better Health Channel. 2018. Confidentiality and privacy in healthcare. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/servicesandsupport/confidentiality-and-privacy-in-healthcare. [Accessed 28 May 2018].

General Medical Council. 2018. Confidentiality - GMC. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.gmc-uk.org/ethical-guidance/ethical-guidance-for-doctors/confidentiality. [Accessed 28 May 2018].

Medical information disclaimer:

No advice: Our website contains general medical information. The medical information is not advice and should not be treated as such.

Credit:This document was created using a template from SEQ Legal (http://www.seqlegal.com).

Nurofen and Other Anti-Inflammatories

Sat, 22 Sep 2018 10:53:00 +0000

Whether it’s Grandpa Wilhem for his arthritis or Aunt Lydia with her migraines, pretty much everyone will use Nurofen or medications from the same family in their life. This group of medications, known as Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatories (NSAIDs), are amongst the most commonly used medications around, and are available both over-the-counter and with prescriptions. Despite this widespread use, like all medications NSAIDs are not without their risks. This article will discuss the use of NSAIDs and what you need to be aware of.

What are NSAIDs?

NSAIDs are a group of anti-inflammatory medications that work by blocking COX-1, a pro-inflammatory enzyme. The most commonly used NSAIDs include ibuprofen (Nurofen, Advil), aspirin (Astrix), diclofenac (Voltaren, Cambia), indomethacin (Indocin) and naproxen (anaprox, naprosyn).

What are NSAIDs used for?

NSAIDs are commonly used for pain, especially pain associated with inflammation in the body. Some of the most important reasons for using NSAIDS include:

Arthritis (including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and gout)Muscle pain or damage to tendon or ligamentHeadaches and migrainesHeavy or painful period

What are the main risks associated with NSAIDs?

Usually taking NSAIDs is very safe and it is still encouraged to be used as first line management many disorders. However there are some potential problems that can arise, especially when using NSAIDs for an extended period of time. More common side effects of NSAIDs are nausea, diarrhoea, constipation or a headache, but more rare, serious side effects are listed below.

Peptic Ulcers

Using NSAIDs can interfere with the protective layer of your stomach, meaning that the acid your stomach produces can then cause damage to the stomach, creating ‘peptic ulcers’. These ulcers can be painful and can cause bleeding in the digestive tract. If you notice a change in the colour of your stool (to a more dark, tarry consistency), it is important to talk to your doctor as it may indicate bleeding in the digestive tract. The risk for ulcers increases with higher doses or long duration of taking medication (which is why your doctor will tell you not to take these medications for longer than you need!)

Kidney Problems

NSAIDs can reduce the amount of blood going to your kidney. While this usually won’t matter for a healthy person, this can cause issues for someone who has already existing kidney problems, or people who are taking other medications. In particular, using NSAIDs if you are already on a diuretic (water tablet) and an ACE-inhibitor (blood pressure tablets eg. Perindopril, Ramipril) can result in kidney problems. It is important to tell your doctor if you are on these medications or if you have any kidney problems.

Heart Problems:

Use of NSAIDs can increase your risk of heart disease, including heart attacks, heart failure and strokes. The only exception of this is aspirin, which is actually commonly used to improve the heart’s health. If you have had a previous heart attack, it is important your doctor is aware of this.

How can I minimise these risks?

If you are concerned about these side effects, discuss this with your doctor. Some types of NSAIDs are associated with less heart side effects, and others are associated with less stomach side effects. Overall, the best way to avoid unpleasant side-effects is to take NSAIDs:

Exactly as prescribedAt the lowest dose neededFor the shortest time needed

If you are interested in learning more about this topic, feel free to book an appointment with one of our friendly doctors by booking online or contacting us by phone on 8269 6000.

References:

MedicineNet. 2018. NSAIDs: Drug List, Names, and Side Effects. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.medicinenet.com/nonsteroidal_antiinflammatory_drugs/article.htm. [Accessed 28 May 2018].

US Food and Drug Administration. 2007. Medication Guide for Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm089162.pdf [Accessed 28 May 2018)

American College of Rheumatology. 2017. NSAIDs: Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs.[ONLINE] Available at: https://www.rheumatology.org/Portals/0/Files/NSAIDs-Nonsteroidal-Anti-Inflammatory-Drugs-Fact-Sheet.pdf [Accessed 28 May 2018)

Medical information disclaimer:

No advice: Our website contains general medical information. The medical information is not advice and should not be treated as such.

Credit:This document was created using a template from SEQ Legal (http://www.seqlegal.com).

Is It Time to Talk About Your Acne?

Sat, 08 Sep 2018 03:51:00 +0000

It’s painful, it’s embarrassing, and it’s not what you want before your formal! Unfortunately, Acne is part of growing up and not everyone can have flawless skin like the model above! However, there are ways to make sure you don’t break out right before that special date!

What is Acne?

Acne vulgaris, aka pimples, affect more than 90% of Australians between the age of 16-18. Often it is mild and self-limiting, however moderate-to-severe acne can have a profound impact on self-esteem and mood, as well as potentially causing long-lasting scars.

Acne pimples form when our sebum glands (a gland that releases oil called sebum onto the skin which helps keep our skin waterproof) become blocked. When the glands are blocked, the sebum builds up inside the gland, and bugs start to proliferate, causing redness and pus production. During puberty, our sex hormones start to increase which causes more sebum production, leading to more blocked glands and therefore more pimples.

There is no evidence for popularly held beliefs that acne is caused by poor hygiene, excessive fatty foods or chocolate. There is, however, a strong genetic link for many patients.

What should I do about my acne?

There is lots of information on the internet about the best way to treat acne, and most teenagers will use tips from the internet or friends rather than seeing their doctor. Unfortunately, some of this information is not based on any science or evidence, and in some case can be harmful to the skin. It is important to discuss any of these methods with your doctor.

Here are some evidence-based treatment options for dealing with acne:

Do not squeeze or pick at pimples, this can often result in scarring and worsening of inflammation.Skin care: Avoid excessive scrubbing/exfoliation. Wash your face with soap and water twice a day, do not wash too often as this may aggravate acne. Use oil-free make-up and sunscreen and avoid sunburn. Ensure you remove your make-up each night with soap and water.Diet: on the whole, maintain a balanced and healthy diet. Some research suggests that a diet rich in vegetables and fish and low in carbohydrates, milk and dairy, protein supplements and saturated fats may help, however extreme diets have been shown to be of little value.Topical creams and ointments: For mild acne, some over-the-counter creams can be used, such as benzoyl peroxide, topical retinoids and azalic acid. Be careful to use these in moderation as they may dry out your skin.Other medications: If the above methods do not improve your acne, talk to your doctor about other medications you can try. Commonly, a medication called doxycycline is used. For women, the oral contraceptive pill (‘the pill’) can help improve the skin. If neither of these prove effective, you may need to see a dermatologist for consideration of further medication.

Remember, acne can be embarrassing and can seriously affect your mental state. If you are suffering from self-esteem issues or feeling unhappy because of the state of your skin, it is important that you talk to your doctor about this as well as he may be able to provide support for your mental state as well!

If you are interested in learning more about this topic, feel free to book an appointment with one of our friendly doctors by booking online or contacting us by phone on 8269 6000.

References:

Royal Children’s Hospital (2018). Kids Health Info : Acne. [online] Available at: https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/Acne/ [Accessed 19 Apr. 2018].

Gebauer, K. (2017), Acne in Adolescents, American Family Physician, 46(12), pp 892-895

Medical information disclaimer:

No advice: Our website contains general medical information. The medical information is not advice and should not be treated as such.

Credit:This document was created using a template from SEQ Legal (http://www.seqlegal.com).

Contraception - Are You Protected?

Sat, 25 Aug 2018 04:38:00 +0000

Babies might be a bundle of joy for some, but some people aren’t in the position to have that bundle in their life just yet, or might not want it at all. It is very important to consider and know the facts about what protection you are using when pursuing intimate relationships, no matter what your situation, to avoid any surprises! Here is some information about commonly used contraceptive choices.

‘Natural’ Methods:

Methods such as withdrawal or tracking menstrual cycles on a calendar are not recommended unless you have received proper education, as they are typically no more effective than no contraception at all.

Condoms + other barrier protection:

Condoms are one of the most widely-recognised forms of contraception. However, typically condoms are only 85% effective at preventing pregnancies, so it may be important to consider additional forms of contraception. It is also important that you know how to properly use condoms and that you/your partner uses the appropriate size. Importantly, condoms and other barrier methods (eg female condom and diaphragm) are the only contraceptive methods which protect against both pregnancies and Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs), so it is important to use these if you are having sex with someone whose STI status you are not sure of.

The Oral Contraceptive Pill (OCP, aka “the pill”)

One of the most commonly used forms of contraception. This is a pill which women take daily for 3 weeks to prevent ovulation (ie stops the female from releasing an egg), after which a placebo pill is taken, which triggers a menstrual period. If taken correctly, this is 99% effective at preventing pregnancies. However, typically the pill is only 92% effective. If you are someone who doesn’t like to take pills, or often forgets to take pills, it may be worth considering if there are other options suitable for you.

Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptives (LARCs)

These are a group of contraceptives which can last for an extended period of time without you having to remember to take a pill, but once you stop using them will still allow you to fall pregnant. These include long-lasting injections (eg Depot Provera, which lasts 3 months), an intrauterine device (an object which is inserted into your womb, eg Mirena which can last 5 years), or an implant inserted into your arm (eg Implanon, which can last 3 years). All of these will need to be prescribed and inserted by a trained doctor.

These options are very effective (97-99.8% effective) and may take away your period while you are taking them. If you do not plan on having children in the near future, it may be worth discussing these options with your doctor.

Operations: Vasectomy or Tubal Ligation (‘Tubes tied’)

If you are sure you are finished having children, it may be worth considering whether you want to have an operation to ensure you will not produce any further pregnancies. For men, this would involve a ‘vasectomy’ and for women it would involve a ‘tubal ligation’. This would mean you would never have to worry about contraception again, however it is usually not reversible so you must be sure you won’t want children again. This can be arranged by your GP and will be performed by a surgeon at the hospital, they are usually day procedures (meaning you will not have to stay at hospital)

Emergency Contraception (‘The Morning After Pill’):

Maybe you forgot to take the pill, maybe the condom broke. Whatever the reason, if you are worried that you have had a sexual encounter that may result in a pregnancy which you do not want, there are medications which are available without a prescription which can be effective for 3-5 days after the encounter. Ask your pharmacist about Plan B (or levonogestrel) or Ella (Ullipristal). If the encounter was more than 3 days ago, consider visiting your doctor for prescription medication. Remember, these medications are expensive so should not be used regularly! It may be worth discussing with your doctor what contraception is appropriate for you going forward.

If you are interested in learning more about this topic, feel free to book an appointment with one of our friendly doctors by booking online or contacting us by phone on 8269 6000.

References:

Family Planning New South Wales (2013), Contraception Choices [online]. Available at: https://www.fpnsw.org.au/sites/default/files/assets/CONTRACEPTION%20CHOICES.pdf [Accessed 19 Apr 2018)

Western Australia Department of Health (2018) Emergency Contraception | Get the Facts. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.getthefacts.health.wa.gov.au/condoms-contraception/types-of-contraception/emergency-contraception. [Accessed 19 April 2018].

World Health Organization. 2018. WHO | Family planning/Contraception. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs351/en/. [Accessed 19 April 2018].

Medical information disclaimer:

No advice: Our website contains general medical information. The medical information is not advice and should not be treated as such.

Credit:This document was created using a template from SEQ Legal (http://www.seqlegal.com).

Planning for the Future: What are Advance Care Directives?

Sat, 11 Aug 2018 06:39:00 +0000

It’s something none of us really want to think about, but something which is important to consider. What happens if something happens which means that you are unable to make or communicate your own decisions about your healthcare and other important matters? How can you make sure you get the care that you want if you can’t say so yourself? This is where Advanced Care Directives come into play…

What is an Advanced Care Directive?

An Advanced Care Directive (ACD) is a legal document. It allows adults to:

Write down instructions, values and wishes for their future health care, as well as residential, accommodation and personal decision-making matters.Appoint one or more “Substitute Decision-Makers” who are able to make decisions on behalf of themselves in the event that they are either temporarily or permanently incapacitated.

Anyone is able to make an ACD as long as they understand what it is, and it is not made with any coercion, pressure and influence from others.

When Does this Come Into Play?

This comes into play if the person becomes incapacitated/unable to make medical conditions. For example, this could be if you are confused, have brain damage, are unconscious or in a coma. Specifically, your Substitute Decision Maker must make decisions about your care in a scenario where you are unable to:

Understand the information given to you and the choices availableUnderstand the consequences of the choices availableMake a decision based on this informationRetain the informationCommunicate the decision

What can an Advanced Care Directive not do?

An ACD is not a will or a ‘living will’, and it cannot be used to make financial or legal decisions. For these sorts of decisions, a separate legal document called an Enduring Power of Attorney is used.

Who Should Have an Advanced Care Directive?

ACDs are available to all people over the age of 18. However, it is something you should particularly consider as you get older, or if you have a chronic or degenerative medical condition. If you or one of your loved ones have recently been diagnosed with Alzheimer’s Disease, dementia or any other cognitive impairment, this may be particularly important.

How do I get an Advanced Care Directive?

The ACD form can be found online and either completed online or printed off. It is important that the form is witnessed by someone who is independent of the ACD itself (ie is not a Substitute Decision Maker, a beneficiary of your will, or your own treated healthcare provider).

If you are interested in learning more about this topic, feel free to book an appointment with one of our friendly doctors by booking online or contacting us by phone on 8269 6000.

References:

Legal Services Comission AU 2018. Advance Care Directives - South Australia. [ONLINE] Available at: https://advancecaredirectives.sa.gov.au/. [Accessed 26 April 2018].

Government of South Australia 2014. Advance Care Directives. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/045059804459d8048921ab76d172935c/ACD+Fact+Sheet+PC+20140613.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=ROOTWORKSPACE-045059804459d8048921ab76d172935c-m8E9sA7 [Accessed 26 April 2018)

Medical information disclaimer:

No advice: Our website contains general medical information. The medical information is not advice and should not be treated as such.

Credit:This document was created using a template from SEQ Legal (http://www.seqlegal.com).

Meningococcal B Vaccine is now Free!

Sat, 28 Jul 2018 12:21:00 +0000

The South Australian government recently announced that we would be the first state in Australia to introduce free vaccination for Meningococcal B, a potentially deadly infection, for all children.

What is Meningococcal Disease?

Meningococcal Disease refers to an infection caused by the bacteria Neisseria Meningitides (aka meningococcus), a bacteria which is carried in the nose and throat of about 10-20% of the population and can be spread by actions such as coughing or sneezing. While the bacteria can cause relatively harmless infections such as conjunctivitis, it can also cause very serious infections such as meningitis (infection and inflammation of the lining of the brain and spinal cord) or septicaemia (infection of the blood affecting all organs of the body). These infections can cause serious health problems and even death.

Children are at particular risk due to their immature immune system and the difficulty recognising the symptoms of serious infections in children.

What vaccines are available for Meningococcal Disease?

There are five main strains of meningococcus in Australia: A, B, C, W and Y. Currently, all children receive a vaccination for strains A, C, W and Y at 12 months. While the vaccine for Meningococcal Strain B has been available for a while now, it was not government supported and parents who wanted their child to be protected from Meningococcal B would have to pay up to $500.

South Australia has the worst meningococcal B rates in the country, and it is expected that the decision to make the vaccine free will prevent up to 12 cases of the serious disease each year.

Who Gets the Vaccine?

From the 1st of October this year, children from six weeks to 4 years will be offered the vaccine free of charge. From the 1st of February next year, a catch up immunisation program will be available for those under 21 years. After a year, the vaccine will only be offered to children up to 12 months, and again at age 15-16.

What are the side effects?

Common side effects of the vaccine include:

Pain or redness at the injections siteLow grade feverIrritabilityHeadacheDrowsinessNauseaRashLower appetite

These are all temporary and should resolve within a few days. It is recommended for children under 2 years that paracetamol be given before the vaccination to prevent fever. Very rarely, a severe allergic reaction to the vaccine can happen.

If you are interested in learning more about this topic, feel free to book an appointment with one of our friendly doctors by booking online or contacting us by phone on 8269 6000.

References:

SA Health 2018, Meningococcal vaccines (ONLINE), Available at: https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/health+topics/health+conditions+prevention+and+treatment/immunisation/vaccines/meningococcal+vaccines (Accessed 13 Jul 2018)

SBS News 2018, Free Meningococcal Vaccines for SA Kids (ONLINE), Available at: https://www.sbs.com.au/news/free-meningococcal-vaccines-for-sa-kids (Accessed 13 Jul 2018)

SA Health 2018, A Meningococcal B Program for South Australia (ONLINE) Available at: https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/b82a9fb7-061a-48b9-be37-54e88a1907d1/2018-06+Optimal+Men+B+Program+for+SA+Public+Report+%282%29.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=ROOTWORKSPACE-b82a9fb7-061a-48b9-be37-54e88a1907d1-mhyL241 (Accessed 13 Jul 2018)

ABC News 2018, Nations first free meningococcal B vaccination to be funded in South Australia (ONLINE), Available at: http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-07-04/free-meningococcal-b-vaccine-in-south-australia/9938802 (Accessed 13 Jul 2018)

Medical information disclaimer:

No advice: Our website contains general medical information. The medical information is not advice and should not be treated as such.

Credit:This document was created using a template from SEQ Legal (http://www.seqlegal.com).

Is Breast Best? The Benefits of Breastfeeding

Sat, 14 Jul 2018 01:12:00 +0000

Every mother wants the best for their newborn baby, but with the extreme amount of information and advice online it can be overwhelming and difficult to know what truly is best for your baby and why. In this article we will cover why breastfeeding is recommended by health professionals and some helpful tips.

What is the evidence for breastfeeding?

Breastfeeding is the biologically normal feeding method for infants to ensure optimum growth and development, and the World Health Organisation recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life. Research has revealed several clear benefits of breastfeeding:

Breast-milk has the exact right amount of nutrients and calories and develops as the baby grows to ensure optimum growth. It also contains growth hormones which again help in the baby’s growth.Breast-milk contains ‘immuno-globulins’ from the mother. These are an important part of the immune system and can help provide the newborn baby with defence against infections. There are also several other proteins and enzymes in breastmilk which protect against bacterial growth.Breastfeeding has been shown to be an important component of ‘attachment’, which is the bond between a newborn and mother. Strong attachment can lower rates of post-partum depressionBreastfeeding is also important for pre-term babies as it can lower rates of complications and improve brain and lung developmentBreastfeeding has also been shown to lower rates of childhood illnesses including sudden infant death syndrome, childhood cancer, dermatitis, asthma and type one diabetesIn addition, evidence suggests breastfeeding can improve a child’s health far into the future, lowering rates of adult obesity and diseases associated with obesity including type 2 diabetes, heart disease and high cholesterol. Breastfeeding is even associated with higher IQs later in life!For the mother, breastfeeding can lower rates of ovarian and breast cancer. It can also be an effective form of contraception

Tips for breastfeeding

Breastfeeding should begin as soon as possible, preferably within the first hour of birthDo not be afraid to ask for help, breastfeeding is a learned skill! Midwives are well educated on breastfeeding techniquesBefore your milk fully ‘comes in’ your baby may feed up to 12 times in 24 hoursThe first liquid expressed by your breast is colostrum. It may not be the colour you are expecting (it is a gold colour), but it is still very important for your baby and contains lots of nutrients, immune factors and digestive enzymes. This should turn into the more recognisable breast milk after a few days.

Make sure your baby is getting enough milk! Ways you can tell your baby is getting enough include:

They are settled between feedsThey are wetting nappies (6-8 cloth nappies or 4-5 heavy disposable nappies in 24 hours)Their poo has changed from black ‘meconium’ to a mustard yellow appearanceThey are gaining weight (but it is normal for a baby to lose weight in the first few days!)

When do I introduce solids?

You can start introducing solids to your baby’s diet at around 4-6 months. This should be a slow process, introducing 1-2 foods at a time. You should continue supplementing your baby’s diet with breast milk until 2 years or older if you wish.

If you are interested in learning more about this topic, feel free to book an appointment with one of our friendly doctors by booking online or contacting us by phone on 8269 6000.

References:

Office on Women’s Health, US Department of Health and Human Services 2018. Making the decision to breastfeed | womenshealth.gov. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.womenshealth.gov/breastfeeding/making-decision-breastfeed. [Accessed 28 April 2018]

World Health Organization. 2018. Infant and young child feeding . [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/infant-and-young-child-feeding. [Accessed 28 April 2018].

The Royal Women's Hospital. 2018. Good feeding practices. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.thewomens.org.au/health-information/breastfeeding/breastfeeding-overview/good-feeding-practices. [Accessed 28 April 2018].

Association of Lactation Consultants in Ireland. 2016. Evidence for breastfeeding. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.breastfeeding.ie/Uploads/evidence-for-breastfeeding.pdf [Accessed 28 April 2018)

Medical information disclaimer:

No advice: Our website contains general medical information. The medical information is not advice and should not be treated as such.

Credit:This document was created using a template from SEQ Legal (http://www.seqlegal.com).

R U OK? - When to Seek Help for Mental Health

Sat, 30 Jun 2018 02:56:00 +0000

Everyone experiences changes in mood, and it is normal to feel sad at times even if there is no clear reason. However, sometimes these feelings can become too much to deal with by yourself and you may need help from a healthcare professional.

What is Depression?

Depression is a serious medical condition which involves intense feelings of sadness and low mood. What causes it is unclear, but it is often a consequence of a number of factors which can involve changes in your life (eg loss of job or relationship, death of loved one) as well as personal factors (eg relatives with depression, medical conditions and drug and alcohol use).

What are the symptoms of depression?

Depression can take many forms and affect people differently, however common symptoms can include:

Persistent ‘low mood’ which often can’t be explainedLoss of interest in activities which are normally enjoyable (eg seeing friends, hobbies, sports)Persistent feelings of guilt or worthlessnessChange in sleep habits (eg oversleeping or inability to sleep)Change in appetite (eg loss of appetite or overeating)Inability to concentrate on tasks (eg diminished work performance)Loss of energyThoughts of hurting or killing self

What should I do if I feel like this?

If you have any of the above symptoms (in particular thoughts of self-harm or suicide), it is important that you tell someone! Talking to a trusted loved-one can help and is important, but another important first step is to talk to your GP about these feelings. Your GP can be an important source of support when you are feeling like this, and can organise a plan to manage these feelings. Sometimes this may involve medication, but also the GP may get you in contact with mental health professionals who can provide counselling and therapy and assist you with strategies to overcome the challenging emotions you may be experiencing.

There are many great resources online which can provide you with more information, including:

BeyondBlue: www.beyondblue.org.au/index.aspxBlack Dog Institute: www.blackdoginstitute.org.auClinical Research Unit for Anxiety and Depression (CRUfAD): www.crufad.comInspire Foundation: http://au.reachout.com

If you or someone you know is struggling, call Lifeline on 13 11 14

If you are interested in learning more about this topic, feel free to book an appointment with one of our friendly doctors by booking online or contacting us by phone on 8269 6000.

References:

BeyondBlue 2018, What is depression [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.beyondblue.org.au/the-facts/depression. [Accessed 27 March 2018]

Reynolds, J, Griffiths, K, Christensen, H 2011, ‘Anxiety and Depression’, Aust Fam Physician, vol. 40, no. 6, pp 382-6

Medical information disclaimer:

No advice: Our website contains general medical information. The medical information is not advice and should not be treated as such.

Credit:This document was created using a template from SEQ Legal (http://www.seqlegal.com).

Menopause - Your Questions Answered

Sat, 16 Jun 2018 06:01:00 +0000

What is Menopause?

Menopause is a normal part of life for women, usually occurring around the late 40s or early 50s. It is characterised by hormonal changes as your ovaries are producing less oestrogen, eventually resulting in the end of ovulation (and therefore, menstrual periods). The lack of oestrogen also leads to other symptoms, which will be discussed below.

What are the symptoms of menopause?

The symptoms of menopause are largely due to the lower levels of oestrogen (the female sex hormone) circulating in the body. Symptoms include:

Change in menstrual periods – Periods become less frequent and eventually ceaseHot flushesNight sweatsDifficulty sleepingJoint painMood changesVaginal drynessDiminished interest in sexBladder discomfort

Can I have a blood test for menopause?

While we can measure feminine hormones in the blood, these tests are of limited value as these hormones tend to fluctuate widely depending on where you are in your cycle. Instead of a blood test, menopause is diagnosed clinically when you haven’t had a period in 12 months.

How can I best deal with these symptoms?

Menopause affects everyone differently, 25% of women experience no changes at all except for the change in their periods, 50% of women experience mild to moderate menopause symptoms, and 25% of women have severe symptoms.

There are certain measures you can do yourself to help manage your symptoms:

Eat a balanced dietExercise regularlyStress management and relaxation exercisesUsing lubricants or aids to make sex comfortablePelvic floor exercises to strengthen the bladderCease smoking

For those who are struggling with the symptoms of menopause, it may be worth discussing this with your GP to discuss what treatment options there are.

The main treatment for menopause symptoms is called Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT). This basically involves giving a small dose of oestrogen and progesterone (the female sex hormones) to relieve menopausal symptoms. This is safe for most women but be sure to tell your doctor if you have a history of heart disease or breast cancer. If HRT is not right for you there are other medications and treatments that can be considered.

What else should I be aware of?

The lack of oestrogen in your body can also lead to other issues that it is important to be aware of. In particular, oestrogen is good for your bones and after menopause (especially if it is earlier than normal), some women develop osteoporosis (thinning of the bones which can lead to fractures). After menopause, it is important to have your bone density measured every few years. This can be arranged by your doctor by ordering a DEXA scan.

After menopause, women are also more susceptible to heart disease, including heart attacks. If you have a menopause which is earlier than usual, it is worth seeing your doctor to discuss your heart disease risk and see if there is anything you can do to improve your heart health (eg stop smoking, treat high blood pressure/cholesterol)

If you are interested in learning more about this topic, feel free to book an appointment with one of our friendly doctors by booking online or contacting us by phone on 8269 6000.

References:

The Royal Women's Hospital. 2018. About menopause. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.thewomens.org.au/health-information/menopause-information/menopause-an-overview/. [Accessed 04 May 2018].

Women's Health Queensland. 2018. About menopause fact sheet. [ONLINE] Available at: https://womhealth.org.au/conditions-and-treatments/about-menopause-fact-sheet. [Accessed 04 May 2018].

Australasian Menopause Society. 2018. Fact Sheets - Australasian Menopause Society. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.menopause.org.au/health-info/fact-sheets. [Accessed 04 May 2018].

Medical information disclaimer:

No advice: Our website contains general medical information. The medical information is not advice and should not be treated as such.

Credit:This document was created using a template from SEQ Legal (http://www.seqlegal.com).

Osteoporosis - Keeping Your Bones Healthy

Sat, 02 Jun 2018 02:53:00 +0000

What is Osteoporosis?

Osteoporosis refers to a condition of bone tissue deterioration, where your bones become less dense and therefore you are more susceptible to broken bones. This is more common in women and becomes more common as you age (especially after menopause). Other factors that increase your risk of osteoporosis include smoking, alcohol, low BMI, low calcium/vitamin D levels, some medications (such as steroids), and some medical conditions (such as rheumatoid arthritis, some cancers and some hormonal imbalances).

How do I know if I have Osteoporosis?

If you have broken a bone from an accident that would not normally result in a broken bone (eg if falling from a standing heigh), you will be diagnosed with osteoporosis. However, ideally we would like to diagnose osteoporosis before you hurt yourself! Because of this, it is recommended that all patients over 70, or over 50 if you have certain risk factors (eg family history, steroid use or certain medical conditions), receive what is called a ‘DEXA’ scan. This is like an X-ray which measures the density of your bones. This scan will tell the doctor how your bones compare to other people’s, and from this your doctor will be able to tell whether you have osteoporosis or not.

What Should I Do to Keep My Bones Healthy?

Your doctor will consider your risk of getting broken bones, and may start you on medications to strengthen your bones. It is important that you take these medications as instructed.

Apart from this, there are a number of things you can do to keep your bones healthy whether or not you have osteoporosis!

Talk to your doctor about whether you should be taking calcium and/or vitamin D supplements.You can strengthen your bones by doing ‘weight-bearing’ exercises at least 3 times a week! This includes walking, jogging, tennis, dancing, using weights. Swimming and cycling are not weight-bearing.Stop smoking. Smoking is bad for your bones, talk to your doctor or call Quitline on 137848 if you need help! Reducing your caffeine intake can also help your bone healthTalk to your doctor about whether any of your medications are bad for your bones

If you are interested in learning more about this topic, feel free to book an appointment with one of our friendly doctors by booking online or contacting us by phone on 8269 6000.

References:

Osteoporosis and Related Bone Diseases National Resource Center. 2018. Exercise for Your Bone Health. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.bones.nih.gov/health-info/bone/bone-health/exercise/exercise-your-bone-health. [Accessed 20 March 2018].

Ewald, D 2012, ‘Osteoporosis – Prevention and Detection in General Practice’, Aust Fam Physician, vol. 41, no. 3, pp 104-108

Medical information disclaimer:

No advice: Our website contains general medical information. The medical information is not advice and should not be treated as such.

Credit:This document was created using a template from SEQ Legal (http://www.seqlegal.com).

Do I Need A Flu Shot?

Sat, 19 May 2018 02:51:00 +0000

What is the flu?

Influenza is an infection of the respiratory tract caused by the Influenza strain of viruses. It is contagious and is spread between humans by droplets from the respiratory tract that may be spread by sneezing, coughing or close contact. Adults are most infectious in the first 3-5 days of their illness.

Why Does it Matter?

Most people will recover from the flu within a few days, although the symptoms of fever, cough, sore throat, runny nose, muscle pain, headache and fatigue can be very unpleasant. However, for some people, getting influenza can result in complications that can result in hospitalisation and even death. This is more common in the elderly or in infants, or people with chronic medical conditions or problems with their immune system.

Can I Get a Free Flu Shot?

The government offers free flu shots for those who are most at risk of complications from influenza (eg elderly or those with chronic conditions), or for those who are at risk of passing on the disease to the vulnerable (eg healthcare workers and pregnant women). To see if you are eligible, have a look at the SA Health page here: http://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/health+topics/health+conditions+prevention+and+treatment/immunisation/immunisation+programs/annual+influenza+program/annual+influenza+program

If you are not eligible for a free vaccine, you can still get a prescription from your doctor for a flu vaccine for a small price!

How often should I get the vaccine?

It is recommended that you get a flu shot once a year. This is because the Influenza virus is very good at changing its appearance so it can escape the immune system. Because of this, scientists develop a new vaccine each year developed on the most common strains of the virus. The best time to get vaccinated is in the autumn months, as it is most common in winter and can take up to two weeks to work.

Are there any risks associated with the flu vaccine?

Usually the only side-effects of the flu vaccine are pain and redness at the injection site, and mild temperature, muscle aches and fatigue. These are usually minor and last a short time. Very rarely, you can get an allergic reaction to the vaccine, and because of this it is important to wait for 15 minutes at the doctor’s office after getting the vaccine.

Will it work?

It is important to remember that the vaccine is not 100% effective, and it is still possible to get some strains of the flu. However, the vaccine should make the symptoms more mild. There are also other common viruses that can cause flu-like symptoms which the vaccine does not protect against.

If you are interested in learning more about this topic, feel free to book an appointment with one of our friendly doctors by booking online or contacting us by phone on 8269 6000.

References:

SA Health, 2018, Flu vaccine frequently asked questions [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/health+topics/health+conditions+prevention+and+treatment/immunisation/vaccines/flu+vaccine/flu+vaccine+frequently+asked+questions. [Accessed 23 March 2018].

NSW Government, 2018, Influenza fact sheet - Fact sheets [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/factsheets/Pages/influenza_factsheet.aspx. [Accessed 23 March 2018]

Medical information disclaimer:

No advice: Our website contains general medical information. The medical information is not advice and should not be treated as such.

Credit:This document was created using a template from SEQ Legal (http://www.seqlegal.com).

High Blood Pressure - Why Does it Matter?

Sat, 05 May 2018 05:17:00 +0000

What is Blood Pressure?

Blood pressure refers to the pressure on the walls of your arteries as your blood pumps through your body. Your blood pressure goes up and down through the day all the time depending on a number of factors (for example due to exercise). If you regularly have blood pressure readings above 140/90mmHg, this is considered ‘high’ blood pressure (or ‘hypertension’).

What causes high blood pressure?

Rarely, high blood pressure can be due to a medical condition or medications. However, most of the time the cause is unclear and a number of factors contribute towards it, including your age, a family history of high blood pressure, eating habits (especially salty foods), alcohol, weight and exercise.

How do I know if I have high blood pressure?

Usually, you will not have any symptoms for high blood pressure. Instead, it is something that a doctor or health professional will discover when testing for it. As you get older, it is a good idea to have regular check-ups with your doctor, who will likely test your blood pressure.

Why does having high blood pressure matter?

Because there are no symptoms involved with having high blood pressure, it can be easy to think it is not important. However, having high blood pressure can significantly increase your risk of having serious medical problems, including heart attacks and strokes. It can also do damage to your kidneys.

What should I do about it?

Talk to your doctor about whether you should start medication for your blood pressure. Apart from this, there are a number of things you can do to lower the risks associated with low blood pressure:

Diet and exercise. Losing weight and exercising can lower your blood pressure, it can also independently lower your risk of having a heart attack. In particular, having foods that are low in salt may help in keeping your blood pressure from rising. Moderating your alcohol intake can also help.Stop smoking. Smoking can increase your blood pressure and can increase your risk of a heart attack. If you need any help quitting talk to your doctor or call Quitline on 13 78 48Check your cholesterol. High cholesterol is another risk factor for heart disease and can often occur with high blood pressure, it is worth checking this as it can be treated with a healthy diet or medication.Ensure your diabetes is under control. If you have diabetes, it is important that this is well-controlled as this can also increase your risk of heart attack or stroke.

If you are interested in learning more about this topic, feel free to book an appointment with one of our friendly doctors by booking online or contacting us by phone on 8269 6000.

References:

The Heart Foundation. 2018. What causes high blood pressure. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/your-heart/know-your-risks/blood-pressure. [Accessed 20 March 2018].

O’Callaghan, CJ, Goh, MY, Rong, P 2013, ‘Hypertension, The Difficult Decisions’, Aust Fam Physician, vol. 42, no. 6, pp 376-379

Medical information disclaimer:

No advice: Our website contains general medical information. The medical information is not advice and should not be treated as such.

Credit:This document was created using a template from SEQ Legal (http://www.seqlegal.com).

Atrial Fibrillation - More than just a Funny Heartbeat

Sat, 28 Apr 2018 05:06:00 +0000

What is Atrial Fibrillation?

In a normal heart, there is co-ordinated electrical activity to make sure that the heart’s muscles beat in a rhythmic sequence to best pump the blood around the body. The blood enters the atrium, then gets pumped through to the ventricle, which then pumps the blood out to the lungs and the rest of the body.

In Atrial Fibrillation (AF), this electrical activity is disturbed and the muscles in the atria instead spasm in a unco-ordinated sequence. This can happen for a number of reasons, for example after a heart attack or because of thyroid issues, but often the cause is unknown.

When the heart goes into AF, you may feel funny heart-beats or ‘palpitations’. You may also feel short of breath, light-headed or have chest pain. Often however, you may not know you have it at all. It may be picked up on an ‘ECG’, a machine that measures electrical activity of the heart.

Why Does it Matter?

The most important problem with AF is that because the atria is not pumping blood properly, a lot of blood gets stuck in the atria. This makes the blood more likely to clot, and these blood clots can have very serious medical consequences, in particular strokes.

What should I do about it?

The best treatment of AF depends on a number of factors, in particular the patient’s risk for stroke. There are some procedures that can attempt to fix the problem which may or may not be appropriate. If you have long-term AF, it is likely you may need some medications. This could involve medications which slow the speed of the heart, or try to normalise the heart’s rhythm. Depending on your risk for stroke, the doctor may also start you on a blood thinner, or ‘anticoagulant’. This is a medication to stop your blood from clotting, so your risk of stroke is lower.

Apart from this, it is important to remain healthy with regular diet and exercise, avoiding smoking and monitoring your blood pressure!

If you are interested in learning more about this topic, feel free to book an appointment with one of our friendly doctors by booking online or contacting us by phone on 8269 6000.

References:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2018. Atrial Fibrillation Fact Sheet [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/dhdsp/data_statistics/fact_sheets/fs_atrial_fibrillation.htm. [Accessed 07 April 2018].

Heart Foundation 2018, Atrial Fibrillation – Understanding Abnormal Heart Rhythm [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/images/uploads/publications/CON-175_Atrial_Fibrillation_WEB.PDF [Accessed 07 April 2018]

Medical information disclaimer:

No advice: Our website contains general medical information. The medical information is not advice and should not be treated as such.

Credit:This document was created using a template from SEQ Legal (http://www.seqlegal.com).

COPD - What is it and Why should you care?

Mon, 09 Apr 2018 05:01:00 +0000

What is COPD?

COPD stands for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. It is a serious and devastating disease which is almost caused by smoking. More familiar terms like ‘emphysema’ and ‘chronic bronchitis’ are included within the broad category of COPD.

In COPD, damage has been caused to the airways in the lungs causing them to collapse and reduce in size, making it harder to breath and causing air to become trapped in the lung. It is a ‘chronic’ condition, meaning it will not go away, and it is also ‘progressive’, meaning that if you keep causing damage to your lungs (ie by smoking), it will get worse.

What are the symptoms of COPD?

COPD is a slowly developing disease, and so symptoms will come on ‘insidiously’ (without the patient noticing) and gradually get worse. The most common symptoms are breathlessness, chronic cough and increased mucous production. These symptoms can become very severe and make it difficult for the patient to perform daily activities like walking, climbing stairs or daily chores. Patients can also suffer from ‘exacerbations’, where symptoms suddenly get severely worse and may require hospitalisation for oxygen treatment. These can often be caused by chest infections.

COPD can be diagnosed by a doctor by a simple test called ‘spirometry’.

How is COPD treated?

While COPD cannot be cured, there are ways to relieve symptoms and to ensure they do not get worse.

By far the most important thing to do is to stop smoking. This can slow or stop the progression of the disease, and can reduce your risk of dying.

You may also be prescribed one or more puffers, which mostly work the same way as asthma puffers. Pulmonary rehabilitation programs can also be undertaken to help relieve symptoms.

Because chest infections can cause serious problems in patients with COPD, it is important to keep up with your vaccinations and to see your doctor whenever you get sick.

If COPD continues to progress, you may need more extreme treatment such as take-home oxygen tanks.

COPD is a very serious disease and can cause a serious impact on your quality of life, so it important to follow the advice of your doctor and engage with your treatment.

If you are interested in learning more about this topic, feel free to book an appointment with one of our friendly doctors by booking online or contacting us by phone on 8269 6000.

References:

World Health Organization, 2018, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs315/en/. [Accessed 07 April 2018]

Lung Foundation Australia, 2014, COPD Fact Sheet, [ONLINE], Available at: https://lungfoundation.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/COPD-Chronic-Obstructive-Pulmonary-Disease.pdf [Accessed 07 April 2018]

Medical information disclaimer:

No advice: Our website contains general medical information. The medical information is not advice and should not be treated as such.

Credit:This document was created using a template from SEQ Legal (http://www.seqlegal.com).

Antibiotic Resistance - What's The Big Deal?

Mon, 26 Mar 2018 03:55:00 +0000

There’s been a bug that’s been passed around the office and now it’s come to you. You’re in bed, feeling lousy and your nose is running so much that you’re about to run out of tissues. All you want is for some medications to relieve you of this horrible feeling, but your GP is reluctant to prescribe you antibiotics. Why won’t he help you get over your cold?

Do Antibiotics Help With the Common Cold?

For the most part, infections are either caused by bacteria or viruses. The symptoms of the common cold are almost always caused by viruses, most commonly rhinovirus. Meanwhile, antibiotics are only able to have an effect on bacteria. Therefore, it is important to understand that taking antibiotics will not have any effect on the virus causing the common cold symptoms, and will not improve the symptoms of the common cold at all.

But what’s the big deal? Why can’t the doctor prescribe you antibiotics anyway just in case it is a bacterial infection?

What is Antibiotic Resistance?

Antibiotics have been designed to kill off bacteria and stop bacterial colonies from growing. However, if a certain antibiotic is overused, a strain of bacteria may be able to develop a resistance to that antibiotic and therefore be able to continue to grow despite the use of that antibiotic.

If we continue to overuse antibiotics, we may end up with strains of bacteria which are resistant to multiple different types of antibiotics, resulting in bugs that are unable to be killed off by medication and therefore can continue to grow and cause more serious infections like meningitis or sepsis. This would be a serious problem for public and global health.

What Should I Do?

To prevent the development of antibiotic resistance, it is important to only use antibiotics when the doctor recommends doing so. It is also important to complete the course of antibiotics that the doctor has prescribed for you, rather than only taking the antibiotics until you feel better.

The common cold is best treated with simple symptom management, including simple pain relief, tissues and nasal sprays, and lots of rest!

References:

Centre for Disease Control, 2018. Common Cold and Runny Nose [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/antibiotic-use/community/for-patients/common-illnesses/colds.html. [Accessed 01 April 2018]

Family Doctor 2018. Antibiotics: When They Can and Can't Help [ONLINE] Available at: https://familydoctor.org/antibiotic-resistance/. [Accessed 01 April 2018].

If you are interested in learning more about this topic, feel free to book an appointment with one of our friendly doctors by booking online or contacting us by phone on 8269 6000.

Medical information disclaimer:

No advice: Our website contains general medical information. The medical information is not advice and should not be treated as such.

Credit:This document was created using a template from SEQ Legal (http://www.seqlegal.com).

What is Anaemia? And Why Does it Matter?

Mon, 12 Mar 2018 00:34:00 +0000

What is anaemia?

Anaemia is a broad term for when your body does not have enough working red blood cells. Red blood cells are the cells that make up most of your blood and help to carry oxygen to your body’s muscles and organs. When you are anaemic, your red blood cells are not getting enough oxygen to your muscles and organs which is what leads to the symptoms.

What are the symptoms of anaemia?

A lot of times, we can be anaemic and not even know it! Commonly, it is something which is picked up on a blood test for something else. However, symptoms you may be experiencing are:

Fatigue (feeling tired) and muscle weaknessDizzinessShortness of breath (especially when exercising or doing something strenuous)You or your friends may notice that you are looking more pale than usual

What causes anaemia?

Anaemia can be caused by a lot of things, including genetic causes (such as thalassemia) or as a result of other long-term medical conditions (like rheumatoid arthritis). However, by far the most common cause of anaemia is not having enough iron. This is because iron is used by the body to make haemoglobin, which is the part of the red blood cell which carries the oxygen. A lack of iron may because you are not eating enough iron in your diet (for example if you are vegetarian or not eating enough), or it may be because you are losing blood somewhere and your body’s iron stores can’t keep up with the amount of blood cells you are losing. This may be because of heavy periods, or you may be losing blood somewhere else. It is important that you check the colour of your bowel motions, as your digestive tract is somewhere you may be losing blood and not realising it (for example from a stomach ulcer).

How can anaemia be treated?

The treatment for anaemia is to treat whatever is causing it. You doctor will want to do some more tests to work out whether the cause of your anaemia is because of a lack of iron or another reason. If your doctor thinks you may be losing blood through your digestive tract, you might need an endoscopy or colonoscopy, where a camera will look for any bleeding. If you are getting anaemic from heavy periods, you may want to talk to your GP/gynaecologist about how best to manage these periods. Depending on how low your red blood cell and haemoglobin levels are, you may need iron supplements or an iron injection. Do not take iron supplements unless instructed by your doctor, as too much iron can also be harmful.

To avoid getting anaemia from low iron levels, it is important to eat a diet which is high in iron. Commonly we get this from red meat, however other sources are cereals, beans, tofu, chickpeas and lentils. Eating these foods with foods that are high in vitamin C (like orange juice) will help absorbing the iron, while you should avoid having tea or coffee with these foods as they will impair iron absorption.

If you are interested in learning more about this topic, feel free to book an appointment with one of our friendly doctors by booking online or contacting us by phone on 8269 6000.

References

Nutrition Australia 2014, Iron Fact Sheet, [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.nutritionaustralia.org/sites/default/files/Iron-2014.pdf [Accessed 16 March 2018)Pasricha, SR, Flecknoe-Brown, SC, Allen, KJ, Gibson, PR, McMahon, LP, Olynyk, JK, Roger, SD, Savoia, HF, Tampi, R, Thomson, AR, Wood, EM & Robinson, KL 2010, 'Diagnosis and management of iron deficiency anaemia: a clinical update', Med J Aust, vol. 193, no. 9, Nov 1, pp. 525-532.

Medical information disclaimer:

No advice: Our website contains general medical information. The medical information is not advice and should not be treated as such.

Credit:This document was created using a template from SEQ Legal (http://www.seqlegal.com).

What to Do When You Find out You Are Pregnant

Mon, 26 Feb 2018 12:23:00 +0000

Finding out you are pregnant can be an emotional experience, and it is normal to feel overwhelmed by the amount of information and advice that is out there. However, there are some steps you can take to ensure that you and your child remain as healthy as possible during the pregnancy.

What you can do:

Stop smoking: There is a lot of evidence that smoking is associated with poor and potentially dangerous outcomes for your pregnancy and your baby. If you think quitting will be difficult, talk to your GP or call Quitline on 137848Stop drinking: Alcohol is also linked to poor outcomes for your baby, and research has found that there is no safe level of alcohol to consume while you are pregnant.Vitamins: Folic acid is recommended for all pregnant women in the first trimester, and is also recommended before pregnancy. Talking to your doctor about this can be helpful. Depending on your blood results, the doctor may also recommend other supplements such as vitamin D or iron.Healthy eating and exercise: It is normal to put on weight during pregnancy, and this ensures your baby will grow well. However, healthy eating and continuing safe exercise is also important to avoid getting gestational diabetesSee your GP! Your GP is your first step to getting the best medical care during your pregnancy.

What to expect from your first GP visit:

Your GP will have some important questions for you which will help guide what care you will need. These are important to get an idea of you and your pregnancy, and to ensure you get the best care. Some of these questions may be about sensitive matters, but remember everything you discuss with your doctor is confidential and will not be discussed with anyone outside of your healthcare team.

Your doctor will likely request a blood or urine test to confirm the pregnancy Your expected due date can be calculated if you know the date of your last period and your periods are regular, otherwise it can be calculated by an ultrasound scan (remember that this is estimated, and may not be exactly correct!)Your doctor will request a blood test. This tests for a variety of conditions that may affect your pregnancy, including your blood type, various viruses, and potentially your iron and vitamin D levels. The doctor will also check your urine, weight and blood pressure.Make sure you tell your doctor about any medical conditions or medications you take, as well as any previous pregnancies you have had or whether there are any medical conditions that run in your family.Up to half of pregnancies are unplanned, and so it is normal to have mixed feelings. If you have any concerns about your pregnancy, discuss these with your doctor. They will provide you with support and discuss your options.

With your GP, you will come up with a plan for the care you will receive during your pregnancy. This will likely involve seeing a midwife or obstetrician as well as your GP. It is important that you receive ongoing care from these health professionals to ensure you and your baby remain healthy!

If you are interested in learning more about this topic, feel free to book an appointment with one of our friendly doctors by booking online or contacting us by phone on 8269 6000.

References:

Bonacquisto, L 2011, ‘Antenatal screening’, Australian Family Physician, vol. 40, no. 10, pp. 785-7The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners. 2018. Enjoying a healthy pregnancy: GPs’ essential role in health promotion. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2017/januaryfebruary/enjoying-a-healthy-pregnancy-gps-essential-role-in-health-promotion/. [Accessed 16 March 2018].Eat For Health. 2018. Healthy Eating When You’re Pregnant or Breastfeeding | Eat For Health. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.eatforhealth.gov.au/eating-well/healthy-eating-throughout-all-life/healthy-eating-when-you%E2%80%99re-pregnant-or-breastfeeding. [Accessed 16 March 2018].

Medical information disclaimer:

No advice: Our website contains general medical information. The medical information is not advice and should not be treated as such.

Credit:This document was created using a template from SEQ Legal (http://www.seqlegal.com).

Bowel Cancer Screening: Know the Facts

Mon, 12 Feb 2018 11:58:00 +0000

What is Bowel Cancer?

Bowel cancer refers to cancer of the large intestine. It is one of the most common forms of cancer, and causes almost 10% of deaths from cancer in Australia. It is slightly more common in males and becomes more common as you get older. It can also be more common in people who are overweight, eat a diet which is high in red meat and low in fibre, and people who have family members affected by bowel cancer.

While Bowel Cancer can be fatal, it is a slow-growing disease and it can grow for a long time before there are any symptoms. This is important because if it is discovered early (before any symptoms occur), it is easier to treat and potentially cure. This is why screening for bowel cancer is so important.

Who Should Be Screened for Bowel Cancer?

Screening is recommended for everyone who is between the ages of 50 to 74 who does not have any symptoms. It is recommended to do the test every two years. If you have many family members who have had bowel cancer, you may need to start screening earlier than 50, this is something you should talk to your doctor about.

What does the Screening Test involve?

The screening test is called a Faecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT). This will be sent to you in a kit when you turn 50, if you do not receive it you can ask your GP for a kit. With this kit you will collect two samples of faeces into the collection jars. The samples will then be tested for blood, as bowel cancer can cause small amounts bleeding in the digestive tract.

What if the test is positive?

It is important to remember that even if the FOBT is positive, this does NOT necessarily mean that you have cancer. From here, your GP will often refer you for a colonoscopy, which will involve a procedure where a doctor will use a camera to look inside your large intestine to see if there is any cancer there.

If the FOBT is negative, no further tests need to be done and as long as you remain symptom-free you will not need to do any more tests for another 2 years.

If you are interested in learning more about this topic, feel free to book an appointment with one of our friendly doctors by booking onlineor contacting us by phone on 8269 6000.

References

Foreman, L 2009, 'Bowel cancer screening--a role for general practice', Aust Fam Physician, vol. 38, no. 4, Apr, pp. 200-203.Cancer Australia 2018. Bowel cancer statistics | Bowel cancer. [ONLINE] Available at: https://bowel-cancer.canceraustralia.gov.au/statistics. [Accessed 16 March 2018]National Bowel Cancer Screening Program 2018. Cancer Screening - I'm ready. How do I complete the screening kit? . [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.health.gov.au/internet/screening/publishing.nsf/Content/completing-the-screening-kit. [Accessed 16 March 2018].

Medical information disclaimer:

No advice: Our website contains general medical information. The medical information is not advice and should not be treated as such.

Credit:This document was created using a template from SEQ Legal (http://www.seqlegal.com).

Diabetes: What do you need to know?

Mon, 29 Jan 2018 12:31:00 +0000

What is diabetes?

Diabetes mellitus (diabetes) is a condition where the body is unable to maintain the levels of blood sugar in the body. There are 3 main types:

Type 1 diabetes occurs when the pancreas (an organ near the stomach) is unable to produce enough of the hormone insulin, which controls the level of sugar in the body. Type 1 diabetes usually occurs in younger people, as is often known as insulin dependent diabetes, or juvenile diabetes. This type of diabetes is treated with insulin replacements, via multiple injections per dayType 2 diabetes occurs when the cells in the body that require sugar (and insulin to help move the sugar into the cell) are resistant to insulin. This means the sugar cannot be taken into the cells, and causes a high level of sugar in the blood. This type of diabetes is more common in older people, overweight people and physically inactive people. Type 2 diabetes commonly occurs in persons over 40 years of age, but is becoming increasingly common in younger populations.Gestational diabetes occurs in pregnancy and usually disappears when the baby is born. However, this type of diabetes increases the women’s likelihood of Type 2 diabetes later in life. This condition may be managed with lifestyle modifications and diet, but medications may be required to control sugar levels.

How does diabetes affect your body?

When someone has diabetes, they have unhealthy levels of sugar (glucose) in their blood. Our bodies require glucose for energy, and when someone has diabetes, they do not have insulin, the hormone that is required to turn glucose from foods into energy. This means that if someone with diabetes (a diabetic) eats glucose, which is in foods such as breads, cereals, fruit and starchy vegetables, legumes, milk, yoghurt and sweets, it cannot be converted to energy and remains in the blood.

Blood glucose (sugar) levels can be monitored to avoid levels which are too high, or too low, and can be managed through self care and treatment. It is important to remember that diabetes does not discriminate, and anyone can be affected.

What are the risk factors for diabetes?

The cause for type 1 diabetes is unknown, although it is thought to be an autoimmune condition. We do know that people do not develop type 1 diabetes as a result of their weight, diet or exercise regimes.

The risk of developing type 2 diabetes is increased if you:

Are overweight or obeseHave a family history of diabetesHave an inactive lifestyleAre Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander, Melanesian, Polynesian, Chinese, South-East Asian, Middle Eastern or from the Indian sub-continentHave had gestational diabetesHave had polycystic ovarian syndrome

Is diabetes serious?

Diabetes is a serious condition if it is not managed properly on a daily basis. Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes can cause:

Heart attacksStrokeKidney diseaseLimb amputationBlindnessDepression and anxiety

We know that diabetes:

Is the leading cause of blindness in the working age populationIs a leading cause of kidney failure and dialysisIncreases the risk of heart attack and stroke by up to 4 timesIs a major cause of limb amputationAffects mental as well as physical health. Depression and anxiety occur in up to 30% of people with diabetes

Statistics taken from Diabetes Australia.

How is diabetes diagnosed?

Type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed at a young age, and presents quickly. Type 2 diabetes usually occurs at an older age and the symptoms are more gradual.

The symptoms of type 2 diabetes may include:

Being more thirsty than normalPassing more urineFeeling tired and lethargicAlways feeling hungryHaving cuts that heal slowlyItchingSkin infectionsBlurred visionRapid weight loss (Type 1)Gradually putting on weight (Type 2)Mood swingsHeadachesFeeling dizzyLeg cramps

Diabetes is diagnosed when:

Symptoms are present, and a fasting glucose level is high (at, or greater than 7mmol/L)A random (non-fasting) blood glucose is greater than 11.1mmol/LA HbA1c measurement (glycated haemolglobin) is at, or greater than 6.5% (HbA1c measures the level of sugar in the blood over the past 3 months)There have no symptoms, and 2 separate blood glucose tests are abnormal on different days

How can I reduce my risk of diabetes?

The risk of Type 2 diabetes can be reduced by:

Reducing the amount of fat and sugar in your dietEating healthy foods, such as fruit and vegetablesLosing weight (if you are overweight)Exercising for 30 minutes per day andReducing alcohol intake

How is diabetes managed?

Type 1 diabetes is treated with insulin replacement, which can be delivered via injections into the skin.

Initially, Type 2 diabetes will be managed with diet and lifestyle changes, as well as monitoring blood sugar levels. Eating well can help to lower the amount of sugar ingested, and exercising increases the effectiveness of insulin, reduces your blood pressure and reduces the risk of heart disease.

If Type 2 diabetes cannot be controlled with these changes alone, or progresses to become more insulin resistant, medications (tablets) may be required to help the pancreas release insulin and convert glucose into energy. If these fail, or are losing effectiveness, insulin may be required.

The tablets and insulin are used in conjunction with a healthy diet and exercise, not as a substitute.

If you have any concerns about diabetes, have a family history, are experiencing symptoms or simply want to know more, please book an appointment to discuss this with one of our GPs.

References:

Department of Health 2016, Diabetes, Australian Government Department of Health, retrieved online 27/12/17, < http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/chronic-diabetes >

Diabetes Australia 2015, Managing Type 2, Diabetes Australia, retrieved online 27/12/17, < https://www.diabetesaustralia.com.au/managing-type-2 >

Diabetes Australia 2015, What is diabetes?, Diabetes Australia, retrieved online 27/12/17, < https://www.diabetesaustralia.com.au/what-is-diabetes >

Diabetes Queensland 2017, Risk Factors, Diabetes Queensland, retrieved online 27/12/17, < https://www.diabetesqld.org.au/about-diabetes/what-is-diabetes/risk-factors.aspx >

Medical information disclaimer:

No advice: Our website contains general medical information. The medical information is not advice and should not be treated as such.

Credit:This document was created using a template from SEQ Legal (http://www.seqlegal.com).

Medical information disclaimer:

No advice: Our website contains general medical information. The medical information is not advice and should not be treated as such.

Credit:This document was created using a template from SEQ Legal (http://www.seqlegal.com).

Hayfever - What is it and how can you treat it!

Fri, 12 Jan 2018 11:31:00 +0000

What is hayfever?

Hayfever, or seasonal allergies, are caused by and allergy to grass or hay pollens, however the term is also used to describe allergies caused by other pollens, including tree pollens. Many people get seasonal allergies initially when they are children or young adults, and these symptoms may improve over time.

Who gets hayfever?

Hayfever is a very common condition, and tends to run in families.

People with asthma or eczema are more likely to develop hayfever, and if you have hayfever, you are more likely to develop asthma or eczema. These conditions are together known as atopic conditions. A tendency for atopic conditions can run in families.

What are the symptoms of hayfever?

Symptoms of hayfever or seasonal allergies can include:

Stuffy nose, runny nose or sneezing a lot Itchy or red eyes Sore throat

Itching of the throat or ears Waking up at night or trouble sleeping, which can cause you to feel tired during the day

Less commonly, hayfever can cause:

Loss of smell

Face pain Sweats Headache

Asthma symptoms such as wheezing or breathlessness may worsen during the hayfever season.

How is hayfever diagnosed?

Hayfever is usually diagnosed by your doctor on the basis of typical symptoms which occur during peak hayfever season. A family history of hayfever, asthma or eczema may help them to make this diagnosis.

Your doctor may decide to do other tests if the diagnosis is in doubt. This usually consist of a ‘skin prick’ test, where they will put a drop of the substance or material you may be allergic to on your skin, and make a tiny prink in the skin. They will then watch to see if your skin turns red or bumpy, and measure the size of the reaction to determine if you are allergic, and the severity of the allergy.

How is hayfever treated?

Commonly used treatments for hayfever include:

Antihistamine tablets: these can help stop itching, sneezing and runny nose symptoms, usually within 1 hour. Some antihistamine tablets can make people feel tired, so check with a medical professional prior to consuming these tablets. Antihistamine nasal sprays: these can rapidly reduce the symptoms of hayfever (within 15 minutes), but may not help with easing congestion

Steroid nasal sprays: these can help with symptoms of hayfever, but may take a longer period of time to become effective (up to a few days). Eye drops: these can be used to treat eye symptoms in addition to other medications. Always check with a pharmacist or GP before combining medications. Nasal saline washouts: these devices can be used to rinse out pollen and other irritants from the nose.

Have a chat with your GP about various treatments available for hayfever, and which may best suit your lifestyle and other medical conditions.

Immunosensitisation (desensitisation) is sometimes used, mainly when cases are severe and not helped by other treatments. This is done by giving small doses of the allergen (in this case pollen), either into the tissue or under the tongue, over a long period of time to reduce the allergic response of the body. Immunotherapy is supervised by a specialise after careful assessment, and is not suitable for everyone. It is unlikely to completely cure hayfever but can reduce the severity of symptoms.

Can hayfever be prevented?

Avoiding pollen or irritants can help with hayfever symptoms, however it is impossible to avoid all pollen. When the pollen count is high, the following tips may help with your symptoms:

Stay indoors as much as possible and keep the doors/windows shut Avoid cutting grass, large grassy places and camping Shower and wash your hair after being outdoors, especially after going to the countryside Wear wraparound sunglasses when you are out Try to keep car windows closed as much as possible when driving

References

Harding M 2015, Hay Fever, Patient, retrieved online 2/1/18, retrieved from < https://patient.info/health/hay-fever-leaflet >

Crowly K, Martin KA 2017, Patient education: Seasonal allergies in adults (The Basics), retrieved online 2/1/18, retrieved from < https://www-uptodate-com.proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/contents/seasonal-allergies-in-adults-the-basics?search=hayfever&source=search_result&selectedTitle=3~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=3#H566815453 >

Medical information disclaimer:

No advice: Our website contains general medical information. The medical information is not advice and should not be treated as such.

Credit:This document was created using a template from SEQ Legal (http://www.seqlegal.com)

Opioid Medications for Pain: The Basics

Wed, 27 Dec 2017 11:28:00 +0000

What are opioid medications?

Opioid medications are a type of pain relief, and are stronger than pain medications you can buy over the counter. They need to be prescribed by a doctor before they can be used.

What are they used for?

Opioids can be used for a number of different types of pain. They are commonly used long term by cancer sufferers to relieve pain.

The short term use of opioids is usually for one of the following conditions:

Surgery

A major dental procedure A serious injury, such as a broken bone or other injury from a car accident

Not all people will need opioids in this situation, and your doctor will decide whether you need them and weigh up the risks and benefits. This article will focus on the short term use of opioids.

Are opioids safe?

When used properly and safely, opioids are an effective pain relief for severe pain. They are effective when used for a short period of time (ie: a few days to a few weeks), as a method to assist you to get back to regular activities and work.

However, opioids can be dangerous when they are used incorrectly. There is a risk of addiction if they are used when you don’t really need them, and a risk of overdose or even death if too many are taken at once. Hence it is important to only use these medications as your doctor advises and not let people other than the person they have been prescribed to use them.

What are common opioid medications?

There are a few opioid medications that you may be prescribed for short term relief of severe pain, including oxycodone, codeine and tramadol. These usually come as tablets, but are available in other forms for special cases.

Should I take other pain medications as well as opioids?

Always discuss the use of other medications with your doctor, including paracetamol or NSAIDs (ie: nurofen). This is because some opioid medications already have paracetamol or an NSAID included as a combination which could cause you to take higher than recommended doses of these medications.

What side effects do they cause?

Opioids can cause bothersome side effects, but can also cause dangerous side effects.

Dangerous side effects

If you have taken too much of an opioid medication or think someone else has, call for an ambulance immediately. This may have happened if a person:

Can’t seem to wake up or is very drowsy Becomes very confused Is breathing slowly or stops breathing Passes out or has a seizure

Has trouble urinating

Overdosing can happen by accident. There is a drug available to reverse the effects of opiods, which can be given by emergency workers. It is important to ring for an ambulance immediately if you are concerned about the possibility of opioid overdose.

Bothersome side effects

Constipation (be sure to drink plenty of water to try to relieve this, and if it persists discuss with your doctor) Nausea, vomiting, itchiness (if you experience these, please discuss with your doctor as they may be able to switch you to a different medication) Dry mouth Feeling dizzy, sleepy or having trouble thinking clearly Vision problems

Feeling clumsy or falling down

If you suddenly stop taking opioid medications after using them for a few days, you may experience ‘withdrawal’ symptoms, including stomachache, dizziness or diarrhoea. If you have been taking opiates for longer than a few days, please discuss this with your doctor prior to ceasing them.

How should I use opioids to safely treat my pain?

It is important to be careful when taking opioid medications.

Only take what has been prescribed, and only take medications that have been prescribed to you. Do not share your medication ANYONE else. Talk to your doctor or nurse if you think that opioids are not controlling your pain, do not adjust the dose yourself. Do no drink alcohol when you are taking opiods Do not take other medications that make you sleepy or drowsy, unless your doctor has told you otherwise

Do not drive a car, use dangerous machinery, or do other risky activities when taking opioids, as they can cause you to become drowsy or not think clearly. Store your opioids in a safe place such as a locked cabinet or cupboard. This stops children or teenagers accessing them. When your pain gets better, ask your doctor or nurse how to properly dispose of your medications. Do not throw them in a regular trash bin. Be sure that your doctor knows all your medications prior to prescribing opioids. This helps to ensure there are no interactions between your medications. If you have a history of drug abuse or misuse, discuss this with your doctor. They may be able to refer you to a pain specialist to help manage your pain without opioid medications.

Should I worry about addiction?

In some cases, the use of opioid medications can lead to ‘abuse’ (taking the medications differently to what the doctor has directed) or ‘addiction’ (being unable to control the use of your medications, including taking more than directed).

The risk of addiction to opioids is higher if you have a history of drug or alcohol abuse. The use of opioids for short term pain rarely causes addiction, particularly when you follow your doctor’s instructions.

References

Crowly K, Martin KA 2017, Patient Education: Opioids for the short term treatment of pain (The Basics), UpToDate, retrieved online 29/12/17, retrieved from < https://www-uptodate-com.proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/contents/opioids-for-short-term-treatment-of-pain-the-basics?search=opioid&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 >

Turn The Tide Rx, date unknown, About Opioids, Turn The Tide Rx, retrieved online 29/12/17, retrieved from < https://turnthetiderx.org/for-patients/ >

Medical information disclaimer:

No advice: Our website contains general medical information. The medical information is not advice and should not be treated as such.

Credit:This document was created using a template from SEQ Legal (http://www.seqlegal.com)

What is sleep apnoea?

Sat, 09 Dec 2017 11:25:00 +0000

What is sleep apnoea?

Sleep apnoea is a condition which affects your breathing while you sleep. It causes you to stop breathing for a short period of time. There are two types of sleep apnoea – one is called ‘central’ and the other is ‘obstructive’.

Most people who have sleep apnoea do not know that they stop breathing, but they may be woken up by gasping for breath or startled. They also often have a history of snoring.

When we sleep, the muscles in our throat become ‘floppy’, or relaxed. In the majority of people, this does not affect our breathing. In obstructive sleep apnoea, there is a problem with the upper airway, causing narrowing or closing when you are asleep which stops your breathing. When the airway is restricted, this first causes snoring, but if the blockage is complete then breathing can stop, usually for a period of about 10 seconds. The brain is instructed to wake you up and tell you to start breathing again by low levels of oxygen in the blood. You will normally go back to sleep and not realise you have woken up.

In central sleep apnoea, the brain stops sending signals to the muscles that help you breathe, which stops your breathing. This article will focus on the obstructive type.

Who gets sleep apnoea?

Obstructive sleep apnoea can occur at any age, including in children. Risk factors for obstructive sleep apnoea include:

Overweight or obesity Thick neck

Alcohol consumption in the evening (as alcohol relaxes muscles more and makes the brain less responsible to an apneic episode) Enlarged tonsils Use of sedative drugs such as sleeping tablets Sleeping on your back rather than your side Having a small or receding jaw

Smoking Family history of sleep apnoea

What are the symptoms of sleep apnoea?

The main symptoms reported are snoring, tiredness and daytime sleepiness. Other symptoms can include:

Restless sleep Waking up choking or gasping Morning headaches, dry mouth or sore throat Waking up often to urinate Waking up feeling unrested or groggy (due to waking up multiple times overnight)

Trouble thinking clearly or remembering things

Often these symptoms are thought to be normal by the patient. If you experience any of these, please see your GP for assessment.

How is sleep apnoea diagnosed?

The best test for sleep apnoea is a ‘sleep study’. This can often be done at home, but in some cases may involve a stay in a sleep laboratory overnight. The test requires you to be hooked up to different machines, which monitor your sleep and breathing overnight and the results are used to determine if you have sleep apnoea.

It is common for most people to have the odd episode of ‘apnoea’ when we are asleep. These usually cease with a snort. When people have sleep apnoea, they have more than 5 episodes of apnoea per hour of sleep, as monitored by a sleep study. There are different classifications of sleep apnoea, ranging from mild to severe.

Can sleep apnoea be treated?

Yes! There are a number of ways to treat sleep apnoea.

Some things you can do on your own include:

Avoiding laying on your back while sleeping (this is not always practical as people cannot control their position when they sleep) Lose weight (if you are overweight)

Avoid alcohol as it can worsen sleep apnoea Not using sedative drugs Ceasing smoking

If you are diagnosed with sleep apnoea by your doctor, they may suggest a CPAP machine to wear overnight. This machine has a mask which is attached to the face which helps to keep the patient breathing overnight. This machine can be noisy, and it is often used by the patient as a trial before purchasing the it to determine whether the machine works for them. If CPAP works, there is usually an immediate improvement in sleep and an improvement in daytime well-being, and a reduction in daytime sleepiness.

Your doctor may also suggest a device that can be worn in the mouth to keep it open, often known as a ‘mandibular advancement device’. If these methods fail, they may even suggest surgery to correct the airway problem.

Lifelong treatment is usually needed for sleep apnoea.

Is sleep apnoea dangerous?

Sleep apnoea can potentially be dangerous as you may not get good quality sleep, so they are often tired and not alert. This can put you at risk of car accidents or other types of accidents. There have also been studies to show that people with sleep apnoea have higher incidences of high blood pressure, heart attacks and other heart problems. Using treatments for sleep apnoea may help prevent some of these problems.

If you think you have sleep apnoea, or are feeling very sleepy during the day, please avoid using vehicles or machinery and see your GP for a review.

References

Newson L 2015, Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Syndrome, Patient Info, retrieved 7/1/18, retrieved from < https://patient.info/health/obstructive-sleep-apnoea-syndrome-leaflet >

Crowly K, Martin KA 2017, Patient Education: Sleep Apnoea (The Basics), UpToDate, retrieved 7/1/18, retrieved from < https://www-uptodate-com.proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/contents/sleep-apnea-the-basics?search=sleep%20apnoea&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H17011527 >

Medical information disclaimer:

No advice: Our website contains general medical information. The medical information is not advice and should not be treated as such.

Credit:This document was created using a template from SEQ Legal (http://www.seqlegal.com)

New Cervical Screening Program: What do you need to know?

Wed, 29 Nov 2017 11:21:00 +0000

The process for being screened for cervical cancer has changed as of December 1st, 2017. This article is designed to give you an overview of the new process.

What is cervical cancer?

Cervical cancer is cancer of the cervix, the most common type being squamous cell carcinoma (80% of cases).

Adenocarcinoma, a separate type of cervical cancer, is far less common and more difficult to diagnose as it starts higher up in the cervix.

Almost all cases of cervical cancer are caused by persistent infection of the virus known as Human Papilloma Virus (HPV). The HPV virus is a common virus that can cause changes in the cells of the cervix, and rarely, these changes can progress to cancer. The other main risk factor for cervical cancer is smoking.

The risk of a women being diagnosed with cervical cancer by age 85 in Australia is 1 in 168. In 2014, there were 223 deaths from cervical cancer in Australia. Deaths caused by cervical cancer have halved since the introduction of the National Cervical Screening Program in 1991.

Statistics taken from the Cancer Council Australia.

How has the program changed?

Previously, cervical cancer was screened for using the pap smear test. The new test feels the same as the pap smear, but tests for the HPV (human papilloma virus, the virus that causes cervical cancer) rather than testing for changes in the cells that could indicate cancer.

Why has the program changed?

The new program is more accurate, as it tests for the virus that causes cervical cancer (HPV) rather than cell changes in the cervix.

Because the test is looking for the HPV virus rather than cell changes in the cervix, it is safe to wait 5 years in between tests if your results are normal. Even if your test does show that you have HPV, it usually takes 10 years or more for HPV to develop into cervical cancer, and cervical cancer is a rare outcome of HPV infection.

How is the cervical screening test performed?

The test is a simple procedure designed to look at the cervix, which is located at the opening of the uterus (the neck of the womb), at the top of your vagina.

If you have previously had a pap smear, the new test will look and feel the same. The test may feel a little uncomfortable, but shouldn’t cause any pain.

If you have not previously had a cervical screening test, please discuss the process for the test with your doctor, and remember you can request a female clinician if it makes you feel more comfortable.

Who should receive the test?

If you are:

25 to 74 years old Have a cervix Have ever been sexually active

You should have your first cervical screening test 2 years after your last pap smear (unless otherwise advised by your doctor). This includes people vaccinated or unvaccinated against HPV, as well as people who identify as lesbian, transgender or otherwise.

If you are turning 25, or have never had a pap test before, please book an appointment with your GP to discuss the cervical screening program.

If your test results are normal, you do not need to be screened again for 5 years under the new program.

Why has the age changed?

Research shows that increasing the age of cervical screening to 25 years old is safe.

The reasoning behind this is:

Most men and women aged between 18 and 25 have been vaccinated against HPV, and have an efficient immune system, so will clear the virus quickly without treatment The incidence of cervical cancer in women under the age of 25 is rare, and after 20 years of screening women aged 18 to 25, the incidence has not reduced

If you are under 25 and have previously been screened with normal results, you will receive a transition letter from the National Cervical Screening Program in the first half of 2018 to advise you of the age that you will need to be screened again. If you have any concerns over the change in this process, or have had abnormal pap smear results in the past, please discuss the process for your screening with your GP.

If you experience any abnormal symptoms, such as pain, abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge, please book an appointment with your GP to discuss these as soon as possible.

What happens after I’ve been screened?

Depending on your results, there may be further testing of your cervix. Please discuss the results of your screening test with your GP or health professional.

References

Department of Health 2017, About the new test, Australian Government Department of Health: National Cervical Screening Program, retrieved online 27/12/17, < http://www.cancerscreening.gov.au/internet/screening/publishing.nsf/Content/about-the-new-test >

Cancer Council Australia 2017, Cervical cancer, Cancer Council Australia, retrieved online 27/12/17, < http://www.cancer.org.au/about-cancer/types-of-cancer/cervical-cancer.html >

Medical information disclaimer:

No advice: Our website contains general medical information. The medical information is not advice and should not be treated as such.

Credit:This document was created using a template from SEQ Legal (http://www.seqlegal.com)

Paracetamol: Risks and Benefits

Thu, 09 Nov 2017 11:18:00 +0000

Paracetamol (i.e.: Panadol) is a widely available pain medication. It is an over the counter medication (available without prescription), and with proper use, is a safe and effective pain reliever. 

When to use paracetamol? 

In Australia, paracetamol is recommended as the first line for mild acute or chronic pain that is not relieved by non-pharmacological methods such as rest, reassurance, ice or heat packs. 

Paracetamol can be used in children, but at a different dose compared to adults. 

What do I need to know about paracetamol?

It is important to know that while paracetamol is available as a pain reliever, it is also an ingredient in a number of combination medications such as cold and flu remedies. Overdose and side effects can occur when taking more than one paracetamol-containing medication. 

In adults, the maximum daily dose is 4grams in any 24 hour period. This should not be exceeded for adults and children aged <12 years. 

In children, it is important to know that paracetamol can come in a number of formulations and strengths for different ages. It is important to read the medicine label carefully before giving paracetamol to a child, and to know the child's body weight as the dosage is based on the child's ideal body weight. Children should never have more than the maximum recommended dose of 15mg/kg every 4-6 hours to a maximum of 1 gram, and no more than 4 doses in a 24 hour period. When administering medications to children, it is important to measure liquid medications accurately using the syringe or device provided. 

Remember to keep track of all medications given to children, and to keep medications well out of reach of children. 

What happens if I misuse paracetamol?

Although paracetamol is widely available and is considered a safe drug when used correctly, it can cause a number of side effects, including:

Liver toxicity (this can be influenced by age, other medical conditions, alcohol use, nutritional status, other medications and genetics) Allergic reactions such as rash or swelling Blood disorders such as low platelets or low white blood cells Kidney damage in large doses

How do I use paracetamol safely?

There are a number of ways to increase the safety of paracetamol, including:

Taking the recommended dose, and not exceeding the maximum dose Ensuring you are not taking any combination medications that contain paracetamol  Seeking medical assistance if you experience and adverse reaction to paracetamol (not limited to those listed above)

Discussing with your doctor the use of paracetamol if you have any underlying medical conditions

If you have any questions regarding the use of paracetamol, or about products containing paracetamol, please speak to your GP. 

References

NHS Choices 2016, Paracetamol, NHS Choices, retrieved 10/9/17, retrieved from < www.nhs.uk/conditions/Painkillers-paracetamol/Pages/Introduction.aspx >

NPS MedicineWise 2015, Safe and appropriate use of Paracetamol: closing the gap on consumer knowledge, NPS MedicineWise, retrieved online 10/9/17, retrieved from < https://www.nps.org.au/medical-info/clinical-topics/news/safe-and-appropriate-use-of-paracetamol-closing-the-consumer-knowledge-gap >

Medical information disclaimer:

No advice: Our website contains general medical information. The medical information is not advice and should not be treated as such.

Credit:This document was created using a template from SEQ Legal (http://www.seqlegal.com)

Incontinence; it's Time to Address it!

Mon, 30 Oct 2017 02:37:00 +0000

What is urinary incontinence?

Urinary incontinence refers to when a person leaks urine or loses bladder control. It is a common problem in the older population, but is not a normal part of aging. There are many treatments available to reduce or stop urine leakage.

What are the symptoms?

There are three main types of incontinence:

Stress incontinence: this type of urinary leakage occurs when people laugh, cough or sneeze, or do anything that stresses the belly (ie: increases the pressure). This is common in women, especially those who have been pregnantUrgency incontinence: people with this type of incontinence feel a strong need to urinate all of a sudden, with the urge sometimes being so strong that they cannot make it to the bathroom on timeMixed incontinence: a combination of the above types

Other types of incontinence include overactive bladder, overflow incontinence and continuous (true) incontinence (a continuous leak due to an anatomical problem).

What are the risk factors?

In both sexes, risk factors include:

High BMI(overweight)/abdominal girthUrinary tract infectionsNeurological diseases such as stroke, dementia and Parkinson’sCognitive impairment/memory lossObstruction (ie: enlarged prostate (Men) and pelvic tumours (women))Constipation/stool impaction

In women, additional risk factors include:

Pregnancy, including vaginal delivery. The risk of incontinence increases with the number of pregnancies regardless of the delivery method.Peri-menopause (ie: around the time of start of menopause)Oral oestrogen therapyDiabetes Mellitus

In men, additional risk factors include:

Lower urinary tract symptoms (problems with storage and voiding of urine)

What can I do to improve incontinence?

If you think you have urinary incontinence, it is important to see your GP for a full assessment to determine the cause. Once the incontinence is investigated, they may suggest the following:

Reduction of the amount of liquid you drink before bedCut down of foods that make symptoms worse, such as alcohol, caffeine, or spicy/acidic foods that irritate the bladderWeight loss (if overweight)Control of blood sugar if diabeticOptimisation of diuretic use (ie: taking these in the morning/afternoon to avoid need to urinate overnight)Bladder retraining exercises such as bladder diary, scheduled urination and ‘double voiding’ to train the bladder to go less frequently and improve emptyingPelvic floor exercises

Your doctor may also suggest medications to relax the bladder or surgery to repair the tissues that support the bladder or to improve the flow of urine depending on the cause of the incontinence.

Many people with incontinence can regain bladder control or reduce the amount of leakage they have. It is important to speak to your doctor about this to determine an approach that works for you.

If you are interested in learning more about this topic, feel free to book an appointment with one of our friendly doctors by booking online or contacting us by phone on 8269 6000.

References

Crowley K, Martin KA 2017, Patient Education: Urinary Incontinence (The Basics), UpToDate, retrieved online 1/9/17, < https://www-uptodate-com.proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/contents/urinary-incontinence-the-basics?source=search_result&search=incontinence+patient&selectedTitle=1%7E150 >Knott L 2016, Urinary Incontinence, PatientInfo, retrieved online 1/9/17, < https://patient.info/doctor/urinary-incontinence-pro >

Medical information disclaimer:

No advice: Our website contains general medical information. The medical information is not advice and should not be treated as such.

Credit:This document was created using a template from SEQ Legal (http://www.seqlegal.com)

Snoring: Don't Lose Sleep Over It

Mon, 09 Oct 2017 02:29:00 +0000

What is sleep apnoea?

Most people who have sleep apnoea do not know that they stop berathing, but they may be woken up by gasping for breath or startled. They also often have a history of snoring.

Around 1 in 4 men over the age of 30 years have some form of sleep apnoea.

In obstructive sleep apnoea, there is a problem with the upper airway, causing narrowing or closing when you are asleep which stops your breathing. In central sleep apnoea, the brain stops sending signals to the muscles that help you breathe, which stops your breathing. This article will focus on the obstructive type.

What are the symptoms of sleep apnoea?

The main symptoms reported are snoring, tiredness and daytime sleepiness. Other symptoms can include:

Restless sleepWaking up choking or gaspingMorning headaches, dry mouth or sore throatWaking up often to urinateWaking up feeling unrested or groggyTrouble thinking clearly or remembering things

Often these symptoms are thought to be normal by the patient. If you experience any of these, please see your GP for assessment.

How is sleep apnoea diagnosed?

Can sleep apnoea be treated?

Yes! There are a number of ways to treat sleep apnoea.

Some things you can do on your own include:

Avoiding laying on your back while sleeping (this is not always practical as people cannot control their position when they sleep)Lose weight (if you are overweight)Avoid alcohol as it can worsen sleep apnoea

If you are diagnosed with sleep apnoea by your doctor, they may suggest a CPAP machine to wear overnight. This is a machine which has a mask you wear on your face overnight to help keep your airways open overnight. This machine can be noisy, so a lot of people like to try it out and see how they tolerate it first before buying it.

Is sleep apnoea dangerous?

If you are interested in learning more about this topic, feel free to book an appointment with one of our friendly doctors by booking online or contacting us by phone on 8269 6000.

References

Better Health Channel 2015, Sleep Apnoea, Better Health Channel, retrieved online 9/9/17, retrieved from < https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/sleep-apnoea >Crowley K, Martin KA 2017, Patient Education: Sleep Apnoea (The Basics), UpToDate, retrieved online 9/9/17, retrieved from < https://www-uptodate-com.proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/contents/sleep-apnea-the-basics?source=search_result&search=sleep%20apnoea&selectedTitle=2~150#H17011366 >

Medical information disclaimer:

No advice: Our website contains general medical information. The medical information is not advice and should not be treated as such.

Credit:This document was created using a template from SEQ Legal (http://www.seqlegal.com)

Be Careful When You Pop These Pills.

Mon, 25 Sep 2017 02:33:00 +0000

What are Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Medications?

Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory medications are a type of drug used to reduce inflammation. They are widely available and commonly used.

NSAIDs can be used to help people with conditions causing ongoing pain, such as arthritis, or with acute injury. Some common NSAIDs include aspirin, ibuprofen (Nurofen), naproxen (Naprosyn), diclofenac (Voltaren) and celecoxib (Celebrex).

NSAIDs are an effective way of relieving pain, but can also cause problems of their own. It is important to only take them for a small amount of time.

Are NSAIDs safe for everyone?

No, there are certain people who cannot take NSAIDs, or need to use them with care. It is important to discuss with your doctor if you use NSAIDs without a prescription to ensure they are safe for you, especially if you:

Have a stomach ulcer or have ever had bleeding from your gut, as NSAIDs can cause or worsen these conditionsHave heart disease or have had a stroke, or have high blood pressure, as NSAIDs can affect the risk of heart attack or strokeHave kidney disease, heart failure, liver cirrhosis or you take medications called diuretics (‘fluid tablets’). If you have these, you should avoid taking NSAIDs completely.Have high blood pressure. If you have high blood pressure or take blood pressure medications, you should discuss using NSAIDs with your doctor before you commence taking them.Have any disorders that increase the risk of bleedingHaving surgery (most people need to stop NSAIDs prior to surgery)Are pregnantTaking any other prescription or non-prescription medications or herbal remedies. This is especially important if you take Warfarin (a blood thinner), Phenytoin (a medication used to prevent seizures) or cyclosporine (a medication used in people after an organ transplant). These medications can interact with NSAIDs so it is important to discuss this with your doctor prior to starting any non-prescription NSAID.

What are the side effects?

While NSAIDs are effective in relieving pain and inflammation, they can cause unwanted side effects such as:

Stomach upset (including nausea)Stomach painUlcers and bleeding in the stomach or other parts of the gastrointestinal tractRaised liver enzymes (detected by a blood test)Salt and fluid retentionHigh blood pressure

Other less common side effects include:

Ulcers of the oesophagus (food pipe)Rectal irritation (if suppositories are used)Heart failureHigh levels of potassium in the blood (hyperkalaemia)Reduced kidney functionDifficulty breathing (bronchospasm)Skin rashSkin irritation, reddening or itching (if skin products are used, such as gel)

NSAIDs, with the exception of low dose aspirin, can increase the risk of heart attack and stroke, even in healthy people.

How can I use them safely?

In general, using NSAIDs occasionally rather than every day, and at the lowest dose possible reduces the chance of serious side effects. If you have any of the risk factors mentioned above, or are concerned about any of the side effects of NSAIDs, please discuss this with your GP. IF you need to take NSAIDs for a longer period of time, it is important to discuss this with your GP to ensure that it is the correct treatment option for you, and to help you reduce your risks of side effects during this time.

It is also important to know that some over the counter medications, such as cold and flu tablets, contain NSAIDs. If you take these in combination with another NSAID, it can increase your risk of side effects. If you are unsure about the ingredients of your over the counter medications, and whether they are safe, please discuss this with your pharmacist or GP.

If you experience any of the following, stop taking your NSAID immediately and seek medical attention:

Difficulty breathingBlack stoolsDark, coffee ground coloured vomitSwollen ankles

If you, or anyone you know takes too much of an NSAID at once, please seek medical attention and call the Poisons Hotline for advice if required (13 11 26).

If you are interested in learning more about this topic, feel free to book an appointment with one of our friendly doctors by booking online or contacting us by phone on 8269 6000.

References

Better Health Channel 2017, Medications – non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, Better Health Channel Victoria, retrieved online 9/9/17, retrieved from < https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/medications-non-steroidal-anti-inflammatory-drugs >Crowley K, Martin KA 2017, Patient Education: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (The Basics), UpToDate, retrieved online 9/9/17, retrieved from < https://www-uptodate-com.proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/contents/nonsteroidal-antiinflammatory-drugs-nsaids-the-basics?source=search_result&search=basic%20over%20the%20counter&selectedTitle=3~150#H1726698 >

Medical information disclaimer:

No advice: Our website contains general medical information. The medical information is not advice and should not be treated as such.

Credit:This document was created using a template from SEQ Legal (http://www.seqlegal.com).

Long Acting Reversible Contraceptives (LARCs)

Mon, 11 Sep 2017 02:30:00 +0000

What is a LARC?

A LARC is a ‘Long-acting reversible contraceptive’. They are a group of contraceptives that provide very effective contraception, are long acting, don’t required you to do something every day and are reversible when stopped. They are known as ‘fit and forget’ methods and are the most effective reversible methods.

Common LARCs

Some common LARCs include:

Progestogen implants (ie: ImplanonNXT)

This is an implant inserted directly under the skin on the inner arm above the elbow. It slowly releases a continuous dose of progestogen hormone into the blood stream over a 3 year timeframe. The implant works by preventing ovulation and is 99.9% effective. It is immediately reversible on removal.

Insertion of the implant involves a small procedure under local anaesthetic by a trained doctor or nurse. Most GPs will be able to provide this service.

Implants are suitable for women of any age who have started menstruating and can be used in most women, however if you have any health issues this should be discussed with your doctor. They can be inserted immediately after a pregnancy and will change a woman’s bleeding pattern. For some women, this may mean no bleeding at all, but up to 1 in 5 women have irregular or persistent bleeding.

Intrauterine Devices

Both hormonal intrauterine devices (IUDs) and copper IUDs are available to women. The insertion is performed by a trained doctor or nurse, and devices last up to 5 to 10 years depending on their type. IUDs can be easily removed and are immediately reversible on removal.

Both types of IUDs are suitable for women of any age and can be used by most women. They require an insertion procedure which can be uncomfortable.

The hormonal IUD (Mirena) is a T-shaped plastic device which sits inside the uterus and slowly releases progesterone into the womb over a 5 year time frame. This thickens the mucus in the cervix, thins the lining of the uterus and effects the implantation of the egg. It is 99.8% effective. As with other LARCs, the Mirena can alter bleeding patterns, and may cause bleeding and spotting in the first few months after menopause.

The copper IUD is a small device made from copper, which also sits inside the uterus. It works by clocking the sperm from reaching the egg, and also preventing any fertilized egg from sticking to the wall of the womb. It is 99.2% effective and can increase the amount of bleeding associated with normal periods.

Contraceptive Injections (Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (DPMA)):

DMPA is given as an intramuscular injection every 12 weeks. It works by preventing ovulation and is 99.8% effective with perfect use, however with typical use the effectiveness drops to 94%. This is because sometimes injections may not be given on time.

For continuing protection with the Depot, it is important to have follow-up injections every 12 weeks. In some women, fertility and periods can take quite a few months to return after cessation of the DPMA injection, however fertility is not permanently affected.

The depot can be used by most women, and requires a doctor’s visit every 12 weeks. It will change a woman’s usual bleeding pattern, but for most women this will be little to no bleeding, especially with ongoing use. If there are any side effects, there is no way to reverse these until the injection has worn off.

What next?

If you are thinking about a LARC, please book an appointment to discuss this with one of our friendly GPs. It is important to remember that when we discuss efficacy of these contraceptive methods, it refers to preventing pregnancy. Barrier methods such as condoms are still required to prevent transmission of sexually transmitted infections.

If you are interested in learning more about this topic, feel free to book an appointment with one of our friendly doctors by booking onlineor contacting us by phone on 8269 6000 .

References

Sexual Health & Family Planning Australia 2013, Long Acting Reversible Contraceptives, Family Planning NSW, retrieved online 25/8/17, < https://www.fpnsw.org.au/sites/default/files/assets/larcs_fs.pdf >Shine SA 2017, Contraception, Shine SA, retrieved online 25/8/17, < https://www.shinesa.org.au/health-information/contraception/ >

Medical information disclaimer:

No advice: Our website contains general medical information. The medical information is not advice and should not be treated as such.

Credit:This document was created using a template from SEQ Legal (http://www.seqlegal.com)

Beware: Antibiotic Resistance

Mon, 28 Aug 2017 02:23:00 +0000

What are antibiotics?

Antibiotics are medications that help to fight bacteria. They come in many different forms and have many mechanisms of action.

Recently, we have seen a lot of information about antibiotic resistance. This occurs when antibiotics are used far too often, and the bacteria they are being used against change so that the antibiotics are no longer effective. This is concerning, as there may be infections in the future that do not respond to antibiotics and cannot be treated.

When are antibiotics helpful?

Antibiotics are helpful when infections are caused by bacteria. Some examples of these infections include:

Strep throatPneumonia (lung infection)Bladder infectionsSkin infections like cellulitisSexually transmitted infections such as gonorrhoea and chlamydia

When are antibiotics NOT helpful?

Antibiotics DO NOT work on infections caused by viruses.

Antibiotics are NOT helpful for the common cold, as the common cold is caused by a virusAntibiotics are NOT helpful for the flu, as the flu is caused by a virus (however people with the flu may be able to be treated with antiviral medication)Antibiotics are NOT helpful for most cases of sore throat, as most cases are caused by a virus. Strep throat is the excecption to this.Antibiotics are NOT helpful for most cases of sinusitis. Some cases of sinusitis can become bacterial after the initial viral infection, but this takes time. If you have sinusitis symptoms for less than 10 days, you should not take antibiotics unless you also have a high fever.Antibiotics are NOT helpful for most cases of acute bronchitis (an infection of the airways leading to the lungs), because bronchitis is usually caused by a virus. If you have bronchitis and cough up green mucus, it does not necessarily mean you have a bacterial infection.

Even though antibiotics do not work on viruses, some people think they do. This is usually because they took them for a viral infection and got better, however these people would have got better anyway with or without an antibiotic.

What’s the harm in taking antibiotics?

Antibiotics can cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting or diarrhoea, and can increase your risk of other infections (such as yeast infections in women)Allergies to antibiotics are common, and can range from rashes and itching to life threatening anaphylaxisOveruse can lead to antibiotic resistance, as mentioned above. This can be very dangerous if we have bacteria that cannot be treated - imagine if you or a loved one got an infection which could not be treated... Terrifying!

When should I take antibiotics?

They should only be taken when a doctor or nurse prescribes antibiotics for you. This means that you are getting antibiotics for the right reason, and the right type of antibiotic.

If you do have an infection caused by bacteria, your doctor or nurse may wan to find out what the bacteria is by doing a ‘culture’ (growing a sample) in the laboratory. This cannot be done if you have already started taking antibiotics.

How can I help to reduce antibiotic resistance?

Don’t pressure your doctor into prescribing you antibiotics if they do not think you need themIf you are prescribed antibiotics, take the medication as directed and do not skip doses. Take the antibiotics for as long as is instructed by your doctor.If you are prescribed antibiotics, do not save any of them for the next time you are sick. You will need to see your doctor again for an assessment and for them to decide the correct treatment.Don’t give antibiotics that were prescribed to you to other peopleUse alcohol-based hand gel instead of antibacterial soaps/gelsDon’t take antibiotics for a viral infection

If you are interested in learning more about this topic, feel free to book an appointment with one of our friendly doctors by booking online or contacting us by phone on 8269 6000 .

References

Crowley K, Martin KA 2017, Patient Education: What you should know about antibiotics (The Basics), UpToDate, retrieved on 1/9/17, < https://www-uptodate-com.proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/contents/what-you-should-know-about-antibiotics-the-basics?source=search_result&search=antibiotics&selectedTitle=1~150#H179433786 >CDC 2016, Antibiotics aren’t always the answer, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, retrieved online 1/9/17, < https://www.cdc.gov/features/getsmart/index.html>

Medical information disclaimer:

No advice: Our website contains general medical information. The medical information is not advice and should not be treated as such.

Credit:This document was created using a template from SEQ Legal (http://www.seqlegal.com).

Mindfulness Demystified

Thu, 03 Aug 2017 13:32:00 +0000

You may have heard the term mindfulness and be wondering what it means. Here are some basics behind the concept.

What is mindfulness?

Mindfulness is a form of self-awareness training which has been adapted from Buddhist mindfulness meditation, and it refers to paying attention to and being present in the current moment.

How can practicing mindfulness help me?

Practicing mindfulness helps you enjoy life as it happens, and can have a positive impact on your mental health. It can also help you cope with everyday life and deal with difficult times. It can help if you have trouble focusing, if you are often stressed or worried about things, or if you want to improve your mental and physical well being.

The theory behind mindfulness surrounds focusing on the present and living in the moment, meaning and you don’t dwell on the past or worry about the future.

Mindfulness is used for many reasons, and there is evidence to show that it can help you to:

Clear your head and slow down your thoughtsBe more aware of yourself, your body and the environmentSlow down your nervous system and aid your sleepConcentrateRelaxCope with stress, depression and anxiety

What are some ways to practice mindfulness?

Mindfulness can be practiced during everyday activities such as eating, walking, driving or even while brushing your teeth! Try it, just focus on the task you are doing and really focus on the task at hand, instead of reciting your to-do list, or thinking about the meeting you have at work. Just focus your mind and feel the benefits.

When trying to be more mindful, here are some simple tips to follow:

Focus only on the present moment. Ask yourself what is happening to you right now? Are you breathing fast or slow, are you tired or hungry?Concentrate on what is happening around you. Do you feel hot or cold? What sounds can you hear?Try not to be judgemental about anything you notice

There are a number of phone apps available to help you practice mindfulness, including Smiling Mind (http://smilingmind.com.au/?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIlpKjq7uz1QIVjgQqCh11MQc7EAAYAiAAEgL9R_D_BwE ) and ReachOut Breathe (https://au.reachout.com/tools-and-apps/reachout-breathe ).

Mindfulness can also be translated to your everyday activities to help you reduce stress and anxiety.

What if I’m finding my practice hard?

Becoming more mindful involves training your brain, so will take time to master. Remember that when you are just getting started, it will be difficult to hold your focus for a long period of time and it is normal for your thoughts to wander. Try to practice a little every day, and increase the amount of time each day to improve your practice.

If you have any questions about mindfulness or are concerned about stress and anxiety in your life, please discuss this with your GP. If you feel that your emotions are getting to a crisis point, please call Lifeline 13 11 14.

References

ReachOut Australia 2017, ‘How to practice mindfulness’, ReachOut.Com, retrieved online 31/7/17, < https://au.reachout.com/articles/how-to-practice-mindfulness >

Medical information disclaimer:

No advice: Our website contains general medical information. The medical information is not advice and should not be treated as such.

Credit:This document was created using a template from SEQ Legal (http://www.seqlegal.com).

High Cholesterol

Mon, 17 Jul 2017 02:00:00 +0000

What is cholesterol?

Cholesterol is a fatty substance that is carried around the body in blood by structures called lipoproteins. There are two main types of lipoproteins that carry cholesterol to and from cells – these are low density lipoproteins (LDL-C) and high density lipoproteins (HDL-C). Most cholesterol in the body is produced naturally, but it can also be found in foods.

What is the difference between LDL-C and HDL-C?

The lower the density of a lipoprotein, the more fat it contains. Therefore, we call LDL-C ‘bad cholesterol’ as it is the type of cholesterol that can lead to blockage of arteries. HDL-C is known as ‘good cholesterol’, because it has the opposite effect and helps to keep cholesterol from building up in arteries. Treatments for high cholesterol such as tablets called "statins" usually target LDL-C.

What else is measured?

Total cholesterol and triglycerides are also measured. Total cholesterol is a reading of both types of cholesterol in the blood. Triglycerides are also a measure related to cholesterol. These are another form of fat in the blood that can also increase the risk of heart disease. High triglycerides are often associated with low HDL cholesterol, increasing the risk of heart disease even though the total cholesterol may appear normal.

How do I know if I have high cholesterol?

High cholesterol usually does not cause any symptoms. A blood test is the best way to know if your cholesterol is high. Your doctor may suggest a cholesterol test if you have a family history of high cholesterol, or if you have additional risk factors such as high blood pressure, smoking or you are overweight/obese.

There are some genetic conditions that can cause high cholesterol. If you have a family history of high cholesterol, please discuss this with your GP.

What are the problems with high cholesterol?

One of the main problems with high cholesterol is that it can contribute to the blockage of blood vessels, leading to either a heart attack or a stroke. Both of these conditions can have very poor long term outcomes and may result in death.

How can I reduce my cholesterol?

If you have been advised by your doctor that you have high cholesterol, there are a number of dietary measures you can take to reduce this. These include:

Reducing saturated fats in your diet. Foods that have high quantities of saturated fats and are common in the Australian diet include dairy products, including butter, cheese and ice cream (27%), poultry and meat dishes (20%), biscuits, cakes and pastries.

Try to swap full fat dairy foods for low fat options, choose lean meats and poultry and limit consumption of biscuits, cakes and pastriesIt is important to note that lowering of total fat without altering the proportions of fat ingested has little effect on serum cholesterol levels (RACGP)

Increasing plant sterols: the Heart Foundation recommends consuming 2-3grams of plant sterols per day from plant sterol enriched foods

In Australia, plant sterol enriched foods include:

Margarine spreadsBreakfast cerealLow-fat yoghurtLow-fat milk

Approximately 2-3 servings of each of the above is enough for the daily intake

Other lifestyle measures to reduce cholesterol include weight loss (in those who are overweight), increasing dietary fibre and increasing soy protein.

It is also important to include other components of a ‘Heart Healthy Diet’ such as including oily fish, wholegrains, fruit, vegetables and nuts, as well as lowering alcohol intake.

Your doctor may decide to commence you on a medication to lower your cholesterol if they are concerned about the level or your underlying risk of heart attack or stroke. The most common of these medications is a statin which works to lower the level of LDL cholesterol in the blood. If you have any questions about any medications you may be commencing, please speak to your doctor - you can make a booking with us by clicking here.

References

Stephens C, Cafasso J 2016, ‘Symptoms of High Cholesterol’, HealthLine, retrieved online 2/8/17, < http://www.healthline.com/health/high-cholesterol-symptoms#overview1 >

Heart Foundation (date unknown), ‘Blood Cholesterol’, Heart Foundation, retrieved online 2/8/17, < https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/your-heart/know-your-risks/blood-cholesterol >

Clifton P, Colquhoun D, Hewat C 2009, ‘Dietary intervention to lower serum cholesterol’, Royal Australian College of General Practitioners, retrieved online 2/8/17, < http://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2009/june/lower-serum-cholesterol/ >

Heart Foundation 2007, ‘Position statement: Phytosterol/stanol enriched foods’, Heart Foundation, retrieved online 2/8/17, < https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/images/uploads/publications/Stanols-QA.pdf >

Medical information disclaimer:

No advice: Our website contains general medical information. The medical information is not advice and should not be treated as such.

Credit:This document was created using a template from SEQ Legal (http://www.seqlegal.com).

7 Health Tips for the Avid Traveller

Mon, 03 Jul 2017 01:30:00 +0000

It often seems difficult to stay healthy while travelling due to a lack of routine and eating different foods compared to when you are at home. Here are some tips to stay healthy while travelling!

1. Walk instead of public transport

We know that walking is a fantastic form of exercise. If you are heading to a city you can save money and increase your exercise by walking to most attractions instead of catching public transport. Join a walking tour to get the best of both worlds - learn about the history of the town while getting your exercise! Aim for over 10,000 steps a day - this can burn about 400-500 calories a day (with individual variation).

You can also supplement your walking with other healthy forms of transport. Rather than hopping on a tour bus, hire a bike and ride around the city you are staying in. You can see a lot in a short time and get some exercise without even realising!

2. Sleep

As exciting as it is being somewhere new, remember your body needs sleep! You will feel much better for it. Listen to your body - if you need to sleep after a long day of sightseeing, rest up and feel energised the next day!

3. Eat breakfast

Eating breakfast gives you the energy to start the day right and will mean that you won't be as tempted to fill up on lots of food at lunch and dinner. If you aren't keen to eat out for breakfast, buy some muesli or natural yoghurt from the local supermarket for a healthy start before heading out for the day.

4. Stay hydrated

Staying hydrated - with water - will help your body to handle the changes of travel much better. Take a water bottle with you for the day to avoid buying expensive plastic bottles and refill it as you go.

5. Eat intuitively

While it is nice to try the local delicacies, be careful not to overeat! It can make you feel tired and bloated. Try to eat mainly light meals, and only indulge occasionally, rather than eating heavy meals and unhealthy snacks all day.

6. Carry snacks with you

This brings us to the next point... carrying snacks with you! Healthy treats such as fruit or small packs of nuts/seeds will help you stay full and make you feel less inclined to eat unhealthy 'fast food' snacks. It also has the added benefit of saving money so more can be spent on fun activities!

7. Alcohol is fine... in moderation

A lot of people enjoy a drink or two every so often, and this is often increased when on holidays. We just urge you to keep in min the Australian National Health and Medical research Council recommendations: they suggest that we drink no more than 2 standard drinks per day for men and women to reduce your risk of long term harmful effects of alcohol, and no more than 4 standard drinks on any one occasion to reduce the risk of alcohol related injury arising from that occasion. Try and have some alcohol free days and when you do drink make sure it's responsibly!

Remember to enjoy your holiday and relax so you return refreshed! These tips make staying healthy while travelling easier, and also help with returning to your routine on your arrival back home.

References

Walters, R 2016, 'What walking 10,000 steps does (and doesn't) do for you', InBody USA, retrieved online 6/6/17, https://www.inbodyusa.com/blogs/inbodyblog/99465793-what-walking-10-000-steps-does-and-doesn-t-do-for-you

Huffington Post, date unknown, '16 tips to stay healthy while travelling', Huffington Post, retrieved online 6/6/17, https://www.google.com.au/amp/m.huffpost.com/us/entry/us_57f083a9e4b07f20daa10cc8/amp

NHMRC 2009, 'Australian Guidelines to Reduce Health Risks from Drinking Alcohol', National Health and Medical Research Council, retrieved online 6/6/17, https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/_files_nhmrc/publications/attachments/ds10-alcohol.pd

Medical information disclaimer:

No advice: Our website contains general medical information. The medical information is not advice and should not be treated as such.

Credit:This document was created using a template from SEQ Legal (http://www.seqlegal.com).

High Blood Pressure: What Do I Need to Know?

Mon, 19 Jun 2017 01:30:00 +0000

What is high blood pressure

Blood pressure is the pressure of your blood on the walls of your blood vessels and heart as it pumps blood around the body. High blood pressure (also known as hypertension) occurs when your blood pressure is persistently higher than normal.

Your blood pressure naturally fluctuates up and down all the time, adjusting to the needs of your body and activity. An optimal blood pressure is around 120/80mmHg. Readings that are persistently over this are known as high blood pressure.

What causes high blood pressure?

Often, the cause of high blood pressure is unknown. However, some things that can increase your risk factors, including:

Family history of high blood pressureEating patterns, including salty foodsAlcohol intakeHow much physical activity you do

Occasionally, some medications can increase your blood pressure.

Why is having high blood pressure bad?

High blood pressure can lead to heart disease, stroke, kidney and diseases of your blood vessels.

The following factors also increase your risk of complications associated with high blood pressure:

Having high blood cholesterolBeing overweightHaving diabetes

How do I know if I have high blood pressure?

Often you don’t know if your blood pressure is high. There are usually no symptoms, which is why its important to get it checked.

Your doctor may ask you to monitor your blood pressure at home, or wear a monitor over a 24 hour period to check how it varies, because it is not possible to diagnose high blood pressure with one isolated reading - this is because it can be falsely elevated, e.g. if you are stressed or have just been rushing or had a lot of coffee.

What happens if I do have high blood pressure?

If you are diagnosed with high blood pressure by your doctor, they will discuss varying levels of management with you depending on your health and past medical history.

Your doctor may recommend lifestyle changes such as changing the food you eat, increasing your level of exercise, reducing your alcohol intake and rate of smoking, and reducing your weight if required.

Many people also need medications to control their blood pressure. Your doctor will tell you if you need to take medications and monitor its effects. These medications do not cure your high blood pressure, but they help to control it. It is important to continue to take the medications regularly to keep your blood pressure under control and reduce complications.

If you are placed on medications, it is important to also maintain a healthy lifestyle too.

What now?

Ask your GP to check your blood pressure next time you have an appointment. If you are concerned that you may have high blood pressure, or you have some of the other risk factors associated with diseases caused by high blood pressure, book an appointment with one of our GPs to get your blood pressure checked and discuss how to reduce your risk of heart disease, stroke and kidney disease.

References

Department of Health, date unknown, High Blood Pressure, Government of Western Australia, retrieved online 3/5/17, < http://healthywa.wa.gov.au/Articles/F_I/High-blood-pressure >

Heart Foundation 2017, Blood Pressure, Heart Foundation, retrieved online 3/5/17, < https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/your-heart/know-your-risks/blood-pressure >

Medical information disclaimer:

No advice: Our website contains general medical information. The medical information is not advice and should not be treated as such.

Credit:This document was created using a template from SEQ Legal (http://www.seqlegal.com).

STROKE: Recognise the Signs

Mon, 05 Jun 2017 01:31:00 +0000

Strokes are one of Australia’s biggest killers and leading cause of disability. 1 in 6 Australians will have a stroke in their lifetime, so it’s important to know what it is and how to recognise it.

All strokes are medical emergencies. The longer a stroke remains untreated, the more likely it is to cause irreversible brain damage. Early recognition of the signs of stroke in yourself or someone you know allows quicker access to emergency medical treatment, which improves the chances of survival and successful rehabilitation.

What is a stroke?

A stroke occurs when there is an interruption of the blood supply to the brain. This happens if an artery gets blocked (ischaemic stroke), or if it bursts and causes a bleed in the brain (haemorrhagic stroke). Interrupted blood supply to the brain causes brain cells to die, which results in an area of brain damage called a ‘cerebral infarct’. This may lead to temporary or permanent disability, or even death in severe cases.

What are the risk factors for stroke?

Risk factors for stroke include:

Increased ageMale genderFamily history of strokeAtrial fibrillation (a heart condition where the heart beat is irregular)Hypertension (high blood pressure)High cholesterolObesity or being overweightPoor diet and lack of exerciseExcessive alcohol consumption

How do I know if someone is having a stroke?

The Stroke Foundation recommends the F.A.S.T. test as an easy way to remember the most common signs of stroke.

Face: Is their mouth drooping?

Arms: Are they unable to lift both arms?

Speech: Is their speech slurred, or are they having difficulty understanding you?

Time: Is critical.

However, whilst facial drooping, arm weakness and difficulty with speech are the most common signs of stroke, they are not the only signs.

Other signs of stroke include:

Weakness or numbness of the face, arm or leg on either or both sides of the bodyDifficulty speaking or understandingDizziness, loss of co-ordination or balance, or an unexplained fallBlurring or sudden loss of visionAbrupt onset of a severe headache, or unexplained change in pattern of headachesDifficulty swallowing

These signs can occur alone or in combination, and can last for a few seconds or persist. If the symptoms disappear completely within 24 hours, this episode could be a ‘mini’ stroke, also known as a Transient Ischaemic Attack (TIA).

If you see ANY of the signs of stroke, in yourself or someone else, call 000 straight away.

If you are worried about your risk of having a stroke or think you may have experienced symptoms of a stroke or TIA in the past, please come in and see one of our friendly GPs – call 8269 6000 to book an appointment.

References

Stroke Foundation 2017, ‘Preventing stroke,’ , https://strokefoundation.org.au/en/About-Stroke/Preventing-strokeStroke Foundation 2017, ‘Stroke risk factors,’ , https://strokefoundation.org.au/About-Stroke/Preventing-stroke/Stroke-risk-factorsStroke Foundation 2017, ‘Stroke symptoms,’ , https://strokefoundation.org.au/About-Stroke/Stroke-symptoms

Medical information disclaimer:

No advice: Our website contains general medical information. The medical information is not advice and should not be treated as such.

Credit:This document was created using a template from SEQ Legal (http://www.seqlegal.com).

Getting To Know Your Breasts

Mon, 22 May 2017 01:30:00 +0000

Knowing your own breasts is an important part of your health. In conjunction with the formal screening program (available to women aged 50-74) it is advised that you also get to know your own breasts at any age to detect any changes.

Why should I check my own breasts?

Everyone’s breasts look and feel different, some may be lumpy and have changes to the nipple, or one breast may be larger than the other. If you know what is normal for your breasts, it allows you to detect when something may be abnormal, and know when you see your doctor to get this looked at.

How often should I check my breasts?

A good time to check your breasts is the day after the last day of your menstrual cycle – this allows your breasts to settle after having your period (they can feel a bit tender or lumpy during this time).

If you don’t have periods (or have irregular periods), the best idea is to check your breasts regularly when they are soft and non-tender, such as on the first day of the month.

How do I check my breasts?

A self-examination can be done in the comfort of your own home. Here are some simple steps to follow. If you have any questions about how to do a self examination, or anything you find on examination, see your GP.

Step 1:

Start by looking at your breasts in the mirror with your shoulders straight and your arms on your hips. You should be looking for:

Breasts that are their usual size, shape and colour Breasts that are evenly shaped without any visible distortion or swelling

If you see any of the following, bring them to the attention of your doctor:

Dimpling, puckering, or bulging of skin A nipple that has changed position or an inverted nipple (pushed inward instead of sticking out) Redness, soreness, rash or swelling

Step 2:

Raise your arms and look for the same changes. At this time, look for any signs of fluid coming out of your nipples (this may be watery, milky, yellow fluid or bood).

Step 3:

Next, feel your breasts while lying down using your right hand to feel your left breast and your left hand to feel your right breast. Use a firm, smooth touch with the first few finger pads of your hand, keeping the fingers flat and together. Use a circular motion, about the size of a 20 cent piece. Examine the entire breast from top to bottom and side to side – from your collarbone to the top of your abdomen, and from your armpit to your cleavage.

Ensure you cover the whole breast, you can begin at the nipple and move in larger and larger circles until you reach the outer edge of the breast, or you can move in an up and down pattern.

Be sure to feel all the tissues from the front to the back of your breasts – use light pressure for the skin and tissue just beneath; medium pressure for the tissue in the middle of your breast and use firm pressure for the deep tissue. When you’ve reached the deep tissue, you should be able to feel down to the ribcage.

Step 4:

Follow the same pattern while standing. Many women find that the easiest way to feel their breasts in this position is in the shower so the skin is wet and slippery. Ensure to cover the whole breast as described in the previous steps

What do I do if I find a lump?

If you find a lump, or notice a change in your skin, it is important to get it checked out by your doctor. They can accurately examine the breasts, and refer you for any investigations that may be required. These may include imaging such as a diagnostic mammogram or ultrasound, and a biopsy or aspiration of the lump.

It is important to know that only approximately 5% of breast changes are due to breast cancer, but it is a serious condition that needs to be ruled out in the event that a lump is found.

What next?

If you are concerned about a breast lump or you are interested in having a breast exam or organising breast screening, book an appointment with one of our GPs.

References

Breast Cancer Network Australia 2017, Breast Awareness: Self-Examination, Breast Cancer Network Australia, retrieved online 1/5/17 < https://www.bcna.org.au/breast-health-awareness/breast-awareness/ >

Breastcancer.org 2017, The five steps of breast self-exam, Breastcancer.org, retrieved online 1/5/17, < http://www.breastcancer.org/symptoms/testing/types/self_exam/bse_steps >

Maurer Foundation, date unknown, How to do a breast self-exam (BSE), Maurer Foundation, retrieved online 1/5/17, < https://www.maurerfoundation.org/about-breast-cancer-breast-health/how-to-do-a-bse-breast-self-exam/ >

McGrath Foundation 2017, All you need to know about breast awareness’, Curve Lurve, retrieved online 1/5/17, < http://www.curvelurve.com.au/breast-awareness/ >

National Breast Cancer Centre, date unknown, ‘Breast Changes’, National Breast Cancer Centre, retrieved online 1/5/17, < https://canceraustralia.gov.au/sites/default/files/publications/bcb-breast-changes-what-you-need-to-know_504af03979311.pdf >

Medical information disclaimer:

No advice: Our website contains general medical information. The medical information is not advice and should not be treated as such.

Credit:This document was created using a template from SEQ Legal (http://www.seqlegal.com).

What happens if I get too sick to make medical decisions for myself?

Sun, 07 May 2017 22:30:00 +0000

There may come a time in your life where you will no longer be able to make decisions for yourself. This may be due to dementia, a sudden accident, mental health problem, stroke or serious cardiac event, or becoming unconscious or in a coma. These are times when having an Advanced Care Directive in place can be very useful.

What is an advanced care directive?

An Advanced Care Directive (ACD) is a document allowing you to clearly convey your choices for your medical treatment, living arrangements, end of life care and other personal arrangements. It allows you to appoint one or more substitute decision makers to make these decisions for you in the event that you are unable to make decisions for yourself.

The ACD can allow you to write decisions about treatment that you may want, and any treatments that you do not wish to have in the event that you are unwell.

What if I already have an Enduring Power of Guardianship or Medical Power of Attorney?

The new Advanced Care Directive replaces any existing Enduring Power of Guardianship, Medical Power of Attorney and Anticipatory Direction with a single, Advance Care Directive Form. But it is important to remember that if you have already activated those other documents in the past, they will remain legally active until the time comes that you create a new Advanced Care Directive. When you do the new one, this will override the old documents.

Who should have an advanced care directive?

Anyone over the age of 18 can write an advanced care directive at any stage of life – whether you are completely well, unwell, young or old. To write your ACD it must be your choice and you must be over 18 years old, know what an ACD is, know what it will be used for and know when it will be used.

Advanced Care Directives can continue to be revised once they are made, in line with your changing wishes and aims of health care.

When will it be used?

The ACD can only be used when you cannot make decisions for yourself: either temporarily or permanently.

What is a substitute decision maker?

A substitute decision maker (SDM) can be appointed using the ACD form. This person/persons will legally be able to make decisions for you about health care, living arrangements and other personal matters when you are unable to. If you choose not to appoint a substitute decision maker, others close to you may be asked to make decisions for you and must follow any relevant wishes or decisions you have outlined in your ACD.

Anyone who makes decisions for you when you cannot will need to make a decision that they think you would have made in the same circumstances, so it is a good idea to talk to your SDM about what you would like to happen in the event of you being unable to make decisions.

What are its limitations?

The ACD is not a will, and cannot be used to make financial or legal decisions – these still need to be made by appointing an Enduring Power of Attorney.

How do I make an ACD?

Please come in and talk to your GP about your decision to write an ACD so they are aware of your health care decisions. Also, your ACD needs to be witnessed by someone independent to you.

For more information on writing and ACD, please see: https://www.advancecaredirectives.sa.gov.au/

Getting started

Book an appointment with one of our friendly GPs if you are interested in discussing this further, by calling us on 8269 6000 .

If you feel as though you would like to get started, follow this link to find the Advanced Care Directive pdf http://www.advancecaredirectives.sa.gov.au/upload/home/June_CurrentFillable_ACDForm.pdf which you are able to download and print out.

Alternatively you are able to complete the document on this website: https://www.advancecaredirectives.sa.gov.au/membership/logon?ReturnUrl=/forms-and-guides/advance-care-directive-online-form&returnUrl=%2fforms-and-guides%2fadvance-care-directive-form-online. First register an account, then next simply fill out the online forms.

Disclaimer: The links provided are for information proposes only. We take no responsibility for the content of these websites.

References

Government of South Australia, date unknown, Information for you, Advanced Care Directives, retrieved 9/4/17, https://www.advancecaredirectives.sa.gov.au/information-for-you/information-for-you

Government of South Australia, date unknown, About, Advanced Care Directives, retrieved online 9/4/17, https://www.advancecaredirectives.sa.gov.au/about

Medical information disclaimer: No advice: Our website contains general medical information. The medical information is not advice and should not be treated as such. No warranties: The medical information on our website is provided without any representations or warranties, express or implied. Without limiting the scope above, we do not warrant or represent that the medical information on this website: will be constantly available, or available at all; or is true, accurate, complete, current or non-misleading. Medical assistance: You must not rely on the information on our website as an alternative to medical advice from your doctor or other professional healthcare provider. If you have any specific questions about any medical matter, you should consult your doctor or other professional healthcare provider. If you think you may be suffering from any medical condition, you should seek immediate medical attention. You should never delay seeking medical advice, disregard medical advice or discontinue medical treatment because of information on our website.Interactive features: Our website includes interactive features that allow users to communicate with us. You acknowledge that, because of the limited nature of communication through our website's interactive features, any assistance you may receive using any such features is likely to be incomplete and may even be misleading. Any assistance you may receive using any our website's interactive features does not constitute specific advice and accordingly should not be relied upon without further independent confirmation. Limits upon exclusions of liability: Nothing in this disclaimer will: limit or exclude any liability for death or personal injury resulting from negligence; limit or exclude any liability for fraud or fraudulent misrepresentation; limit any liabilities in any way that is not permitted under applicable law; or exclude any liabilities that may not be excluded under applicable law. Credit:This document was created using a template from SEQ Legal (http://www.seqlegal.com).

Whooping Cough: Not Just a Simple Cold

Mon, 24 Apr 2017 00:34:00 +0000

Whooping cough is an extremely contagious respiratory tract infection. It is also known as ‘pertussis’, and is caused by the bacterium Bordatella pertussis. It can affect all ages, but is more common and more likely to be fatal in young children. In Australia, there are epidemics of whooping cough every 3-4 years, so it is important to look out for and be aware of!

What are the symptoms of whooping cough?

Whooping cough begins like a cold. After about a week, the characteristic ‘whooping’ sounded cough develops – coughing episodes that end in a ‘whooping’ noise when the child can finally take a breath in. The coughing spells can last for up to a couple of minutes per episode, and unfortunately the symptoms can go on for months. This can cause significant distress and sleep disturbance, and may cause episodes of the child being unable to breathe. If severe, it can also cause complications such as pneumonia and brain damage.

How is whooping cough spread?

It is spread via droplets that are coughed or sneezed out during the first 3 weeks of the illness. If a child breathes in these droplets, or touches their mouth or nose after touching a surface that has the droplets on it, they can get infected. This also reminds us how important it is to wash our hands and follow hand hygiene to prevent the spread of infection.

Who is at risk of whooping cough?

Anyone who is not protected (by recent immunisation or by having had the infection in the past) can get it, including older children and adults.

Whooping cough can be especially life-threatening for babies under the age of 12 months. Newborns are not immune to it, and can get very sick. About 1 in 200 babies under the age of 6 months who get the infection die from it.

How can I help prevent my child from getting whooping cough?

Immunisation is the best way to reduce the risk of whooping cough in children. This completely protects children in most cases, although a small number of immunised children may still get it – but the illness will be a lot milder than if they were not vaccinated, which is still a much better outcome.

We are very lucky in that the pertussis vaccination is free as part of the National Immunisation Program, as a combination vaccine, and is given at 2, 4 and 6 months of age, with booster doses at 18 months, 4 years and 10-15 years.

Immunising older children also helps protect vulnerable babies who are too young to be vaccinated, because there are less children in the community that are able to spread the infection.

It is also recommended that pregnant women, and other adult contacts and carers (eg. fathers, grandparents, childcare workers) get a booster dose, even if they have been immunised before. This reduces the chance of passing the infection to the baby.

If you would like more information on the pertussis vaccination and the National Immunisation Program schedule, please visit the Immunise Australia Program website: http://www.immunise.health.gov.au.

If you are worried that your child has whooping cough, or would like to discuss immunisations, feel free to come in and see one of our friendly GPs. Please contact us on 8269 6000 to book an appointment.

References

Immunise Australia program 2016, ‘Whooping Cough (pertussis),’ , http://www.immunise.health.gov.au/internet/immunise/publishing.nsf/Content/immunise-pertussisWomen’s and Children’s Health Network 2016, ‘Whooping cough (pertussis),’ , http://www.cyh.com/HealthTopics/HealthTopicDetails.aspx?p=114&np=303&id=1851#2

Medical information disclaimer:

No advice: Our website contains general medical information. The medical information is not advice and should not be treated as such. No warranties: The medical information on our website is provided without any representations or warranties, express or implied. Without limiting the scope above, we do not warrant or represent that the medical information on this website: will be constantly available, or available at all; or is true, accurate, complete, current or non-misleading. Medical assistance: You must not rely on the information on our website as an alternative to medical advice from your doctor or other professional healthcare provider. If you have any specific questions about any medical matter, you should consult your doctor or other professional healthcare provider. If you think you may be suffering from any medical condition, you should seek immediate medical attention. You should never delay seeking medical advice, disregard medical advice or discontinue medical treatment because of information on our website. Interactive features: Our website includes interactive features that allow users to communicate with us. You acknowledge that, because of the limited nature of communication through our website's interactive features, any assistance you may receive using any such features is likely to be incomplete and may even be misleading. Any assistance you may receive using any our website's interactive features does not constitute specific advice and accordingly should not be relied upon without further independent confirmation. Limits upon exclusions of liability: Nothing in this disclaimer will: limit or exclude any liability for death or personal injury resulting from negligence; limit or exclude any liability for fraud or fraudulent misrepresentation; limit any liabilities in any way that is not permitted under applicable law; or exclude any liabilities that may not be excluded under applicable law. Credit:This document was created using a template from SEQ Legal (http://www.seqlegal.com).

Is an Eating Disorder Affecting Someone You Know?

Mon, 10 Apr 2017 01:25:00 +0000

Eating disorders affect about 9% of the Australian population. They can occur in people of any age, although young people are at a higher risk. They are much more common in women, but can also affect men, contrary to popular belief.

Eating disorders can lead to various physical and psychological complications, some of which are potentially life-threatening.

They are also frequently associated with other mental health conditions, such as depression and anxiety.

What are the warning signs?

It can be difficult to identify warning signs, particularly if the affected person affected makes significant efforts to conceal their behaviour.

Some common signs and symptoms that may occur include:

Rapid weight loss Fatigue and low energy Feeling cold, even in warm weather Preoccupation with eating, food, body shape and weight Distorted body image Using food as a source of comfort, or as self-punishment Excessive dieting Eating in private and avoiding meals with other people Visiting the bathroom frequently, especially after eating Self-induced vomiting or using laxatives, enemas, appetite suppressants, or diuretics Wearing baggy clothes Compulsive or excessive exercising, even when sick

However, it’s important to keep in mind that people with some of these signs and symptoms may not necessarily have an eating disorder.

How can I help them?

The first step is to talk to them. It can be difficult approaching someone who you’re worried about, especially if you’re not sure what to say or how you might be able to help.

Here are some basic tips on how to talk to someone you think might have an eating disorder:

1. Be prepared. Educate yourself as much as you can about eating disorders.

2. Talk to them in a private and comfortable environment about what you’ve noticed. If you make them feel comfortable and that it is safe to talk to you, they are more likely to open up. Explain to them that you are worried. They may react angrily or deny that there is a problem, but this is common, and doesn’t mean that the problem doesn’t exist. They may be experiencing anxiety, shame or guilt, or may not recognise that their behaviour is problematic or dangerous. Try not to get angry or frustrated.

3. Be empathetic, and ask how you can help. Let them know that you care about them and support them. Listen to them, and encourage them to express how they feel. If they open up, ask them if there’s anything you can do to help them.

4. Encourage them to seek professional help and/or support services.

If you would like more information about eating disorders, how to help someone with an eating disorder or services and support organisations that are available, please visit the National Eating Disorders Collaboration website at http://www.nedc.com.au

It can be beneficial to talk to a medical professional or support organisation before you approach someone about their eating problems. They can help you understand the issue, and may be able to provide you with advice about how to talk about it. You are welcome to come and talk to one of our friendly GPs, our phone number is 8269 6000.

References

National Eating Disorders Collaboration (NEDC) 2015, ‘Understanding the warning signs,’ National Eating Disorders Collaboration (NEDC), http://www.nedc.com.au/recognise-the-warning-signs National Eating Disorders Collaboration (NEDC) 2016, ‘Approaching someone you care about,’ National Eating Disorders Collaboration (NEDC), http://www.nedc.com.au/what-to-say-and-do National Eating Disorders Collaboration (NEDC) 2017, ‘NEDC Fact Sheets,’ National Eating Disorders Collaboration (NEDC), http://www.nedc.com.au/fact-sheets New, Michelle J 2014, ‘I Think My Friend May Have An Eating Disorder. What Should I Do?,’ TeensHealth, http://teenshealth.org/en/teens/about.html

Medical information disclaimer:

No advice: Our website contains general medical information. The medical information is not advice and should not be treated as such.No warranties: The medical information on our website is provided without any representations or warranties, express or implied. Without limiting the scope above, we do not warrant or represent that the medical information on this website: will be constantly available, or available at all; or is true, accurate, complete, current or non-misleading. Medical assistance: You must not rely on the information on our website as an alternative to medical advice from your doctor or other professional healthcare provider. If you have any specific questions about any medical matter, you should consult your doctor or other professional healthcare provider. If you think you may be suffering from any medical condition, you should seek immediate medical attention. You should never delay seeking medical advice, disregard medical advice or discontinue medical treatment because of information on our website. Interactive features: Our website includes interactive features that allow users to communicate with us. You acknowledge that, because of the limited nature of communication through our website's interactive features, any assistance you may receive using any such features is likely to be incomplete and may even be misleading. Any assistance you may receive using any our website's interactive features does not constitute specific advice and accordingly should not be relied upon without further independent confirmation. Limits upon exclusions of liability: Nothing in this disclaimer will: limit or exclude any liability for death or personal injury resulting from negligence; limit or exclude any liability for fraud or fraudulent misrepresentation; limit any liabilities in any way that is not permitted under applicable law; or exclude any liabilities that may not be excluded under applicable law. Credit:This document was created using a template from SEQ Legal (http://www.seqlegal.com).

How much exercise should I do?

Mon, 27 Mar 2017 07:09:00 +0000

We all know exercise can help us to live a longer and more fulfilling life. With benefits such as weight loss, cardiovascular fitness, mood stability and bone health, engaging in exercise is something that is recommended for the general population. But how much exercise should we be doing, and what type?

How much?

The World Health Organisation has set out guidelines for the amount of exercise adults aged 18-64 years old should be doing. Physical activity can include leisure time physical activity (for example: walking, dancing, gardening, hiking, swimming), transportation (e.g. walking or cycling), occupational (i.e. work), household chores, play, games, sports or planned exercise, in the context of daily, family, and community activities.

For 18-64 year olds, the following is recommended:

At least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity throughout the week do at least 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity throughout the week or an equivalent combination of moderate- and vigorous-intensity activity.Aerobic activity should be performed in bouts of at least 10 minutes durationFor additional health benefits, adults should increase their moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity to 300 minutes per week, engage in 150 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity per week, or an equivalent combination of moderate- and vigorous-intensity activity.Muscle strengthening should be done involving major muscle groups on at least 2 days per week

The recommendations are relevant to all health adults age 18-64 years old unless a specific medical condition is present, irrespective of race, gender, ethnicity or income level.

The goals are set to accumulate throughout the week in shorter bouts (i.e. 30 minutes of moderate-intensity activity, 5 times a week).

(World Health Organisation 2017)

What are the benefits of exercise?

It has been well studied that when compared to less active men and women, physically active individuals:

Have lower rates of all cause mortality, coronary heart disease, high blood pressure, stroke, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, colon and breast cancer, and depressionAre likely to have less risk of vertebral (spine) or hip fracturesExhibit a higher level of cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness, andAre more likely to achieve weight maintenance and have a healthier body mass and composition

Great! But how do I get started?

If you are already exercising to the guidelines – great work, keep it up!

If you are looking at getting into exercise, or increasing your current exercise threshold, ensuring you have no underlying health conditions that can limit your activity is a must. See your GP for a check up, or discuss with your regular GP if you know of an underlying medical condition.

Pregnant, post partum women and persons with cardiac events in the past may need to take extra precautions and seek medical advice before attempting the level of exercise set out in the WHO guidelines (World Health Organisation 2017).

What about people outside the 18-64 year old group?

Currently, there are no guidelines for children less than 5 years old.

For children 5-17 years old, the WHO recommend the following goals: incorporating physical activity such as play, games, sports, transportation, chores, recreation, physical education or planned exercise in the context of family, school and community activities. The recommendations are children and youth aged 5-17 should accumulate at least 60 minutes of moderate - to vigorous-intensity physical activity daily, with amounts of physical activity greater than 60 minutes providing additional health benefits. Most of the daily physical activity should be aerobic (vigorous-intensity activities should be incorporated, including those that strengthen muscle and bone, at least 3 times per week). The recommendations apply to all healthy children unless specific medical conditions indicate to the contrary. For children who are doing no exercise currently, starting out by doing levels lower than the recommended levels and gradually increasing this over time is better than doing nothing at all.

For adults aged over 65 years, regular physical activity has the added benefit of reducing the risk of falls and cognitive decline. For further recommendations, please see your GP to discuss the level of activity appropriate to your age and health. The general WHO guidelines can be seen at this link: http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/physical-activity-recommendations-65years.pdf?ua=1

Disclaimer: The links provided are for information proposes only. We take no responsibility for the content of these websites.

References

World Health Organisation 2017, Physical Activity and Adults: Recommended levels of physical activity for adults aged 18-64 years, World Health Organisation, retrieved online 9/4/17, http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/factsheet_adults/en/World Health Organisation 2017, Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health: 5-17years old, World Health Organisation, retrieved online 9/4/17,http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publications/physical-activity-recommendations-5-17years.pdf?ua=1World Health Organisation 2017, Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health: 65 years and above, World Health Organisation, retrieved online 9/4/17, http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/physical-activity-recommendations-65years.pdf?ua=1

Keep Your Skin Beautiful

Mon, 13 Mar 2017 01:22:00 +0000

Living in Australia, we are so fortunate with amazing summers! However, spending lots of time in the sun puts you at a greater risk of skin cancers.

Who is at risk of skin cancer?

Anyone exposures to the sun is at risk of skin cancers, but certain groups can be at a higher risk. These include:

Fair skinned individualsIndividuals with red hairIndividuals with lots of moles (naevi)Skin types 1-3 (follow this link to determine your Fitzpatrick Skin Type: http://www.arpansa.gov.au/pubs/RadiationProtection/FitzpatrickSkinType.pdf)Personal medical history of melanoma or other skin cancersFamily history of skin cancers, especially melanomaPeople who have had lots of sunburn in the past

Why are we worried about skin cancer?

As with any cancer, skin cancers have a risk of spreading around the body, causing significant illness. We know if detected early, the prognosis for skin cancer is usually better than if diagnosed after having spread around the body (Cancer Council Australia).

According to the Cancer Council of Australia,, currently the five-year relative survival rate for melanoma is 88% for men and 93% for women, and the five-year relative survival rate for non-melanoma skin cancer is 68% for men and 74% for women in Australia.

The best approach with skin cancers is prevention and early recognition.

What can I do to prevent skin cancer?

The majority of skin cancers are caused by sun exposure, so following the tips below can help to reduce risks:

Slip on sun-protective clothing which covers as much skin as possibleSlop on some SPF 30+ sunscreen, 20 minutes prior to sun exposure and remember to reapply every 2 hoursSlap on a hat to protect your face, ears and neckSeek shadeSlide on some sunglasses – make sure they meet Australian standards for maximum protectionCheck your skin regularly and see your GP for a skin check (follow this link for tips on how to check for signs of skin cancer: http://www.cancer.org.au/preventing-cancer/sun-protection/check-for-signs-of-skin-cancer.html)

Remember to check the UV index on the Cancer Council website and plan your outside activities to avoid the middle of the day – this is when your risk of sun damage is highest! Remember, sunscreen should never be used to extend the time you spend in the sun (Cancer Council Australia).

What is a skin check?

Skin checks are a thorough examination of your body by yourself or your GP. Some clinics offer photographic skin checks and can monitor for changes in any skin lesions. It is important to know your own skin and mention any changes that you are concerned about to your GP.

What next?

Have a chat to your GP, where they can further assess your skin type, risk factors and recommend how often you should have a skin check. If you notice any spots on your skin that you are concerned about, we suggest that you see your GP for further assessment.

Disclaimer: The links provided are for information proposes only. We take no responsibility for the content of these websites.

References

Cancer Council Australia 2017, Skin Cancer, Cancer Council Australia, retrieved online 9/4/17, http://www.cancer.org.au/about-cancer/types-of-cancer/skin-cancer.html

Cancer Council Australia 2017, Check for signs of skin cancer, Cancer Council Australia, retrieved online 9/4/17, http://www.cancer.org.au/preventing-cancer/sun-protection/check-for-signs-of-skin-cancer.html

Sinclair R 2012, ‘Skin Checks’, Australian Family Physician, vol. 41, no.7, pp. 464-469, retrieved online 9/4/17, http://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2012/july/skin-checks/

Medical information disclaimer:

No advice: Our website contains general medical information. The medical information is not advice and should not be treated as such.

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